CARTAGENA 95 Basic Documents Cartagena de Indias, Colombia October 18-20, 1995 CONTENTS FOREWORD 1. THE CALL FROM COLOMBIA 2. FINAL DOCUMENT INTRODUCTION Chapter I: Global issues Review of the International Situation International Economic Cooperation for Development The Legacy of Bandung The Role of the Non-Aligned Movement The Role of the United Nations Strengthening, Restructuring, Revitalization and Democratization of the United Nations United Nations Peace-keeping Operations The Financial Situation of the United Nations Regional Organizations The Right of Self-Determination and Decolonization Mercenaries Disarmament and International Security Indian Ocean Terrorism International Law Law of the Sea Peaceful Settlement of Disputes Chapter II: Analysis of the International Situation MIDDLE EAST Palestine The Peace Process Lebanon EUROPE Bosnia-Herzegovina Cyprus Security in the Mediterranean AFRICA Rwanda Burundi Somalia Libya Western Sahara Sierra Leone Siberia Angola South Africa Mayotte Chagos Archipelago ASIA The Situation between Irak and Kuwait Turkey-Irak Korean Peninsula Afghanistan Turkmenistan South-East Asia LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Ibero-American Summit Association of Caribbean States Haiti Cuba Puerto Rico CENTRAL AMERICA El Salvador Guatemala Nicaragua Panama Guyana-Venezuala Controversy Chapter III: Economic Issues The New context of International Economic Cooperation Agenda for Development International Trade and Commodities Monetary and Financial Issues External Debt Science and Technology Industrialization Food and Agriculture Environment and Development South-South Cooperation Information and Communication Critical Economic Situation in Africa Least Developed Countries Land-locked Developing Countries Small Island Developing States Chapter IV: Social Issues Social Development Human Rights Population and Development International Migration and Development Human Settlements Refugees, Repatriated, Internally Displaced Persons and Humanitarian Problems The Situation of Children Advancement of Women Youth Racism and racial discrimination International Drug Control ANEXX: RESERVATIONS 3. DECLARATION OF UNCTAD 4. DECLARATION ON UNIDO AND THE UNITED NATIONS REGIONAL ECONOMIC COMMISSIONS 5. STATEMENT OF H.E PRESIDENT ERNESTO SAMPER PIZANO OF COLOMBIA AT THE INAGURAL SESSION 6. REPORT OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE X CONFERENCE OF THE MOVEMENT OF THE NON-ALIGNED COUNTRIES, H.E. PRESIDENT SOEHARTO OF INDONESIA 7. REPORT OF THE RAPORTEUR-GENERAL 8. STATEMENT OF H.E. RODRIGO PARDO BARCIA-PEñA MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF COLOMBIA IN THE PREPARATORY MEETING AT MINISTERIAL LEVEL 9. REPORT OF THE PREPARATORY MEETING AT MINISTERIAL LEVEL FOR THE ELEVENTH CONFERENCE OF THE HEADS OF STATE OR GOVERNMENT OF NON-ALIGNED COUNTRIES 10. REPORT OF THE PREPARATORY MEETING AT AMBASSADORIAL/SENIOR OFFICIALS LEVEL FOR THE ELEVENTH CONFERENCE OF HEADS OF STATE OR GOVERNMENT OF THE NON-ALIGNED COUNTRIES 11. AGENDA FOR THE ELEVENTH CONFERENCE OF HEADS OF STATE OR GOVERNMENT OF THE NON-ALIGNED COUNTRIES 12. LIST OF PARTICIPANTS FOREWORD I. The Eleventh Summit of Heads of State or Government of the Non Aligned Countries was held in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, October 18-20, 1995. II. It was preceded by a preparatory meeting at the Ambassadorial/Senior Official level, held October 14-15, and by a preparatory meeting at the Ministerial level, held October 16-17. III. The following members of the Movement attended the Summit: Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brunei Darussalam, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Irak, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahirya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Tanzania, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe. VI. The following countries national liberation movements and international organizations attended the Summit as observers: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Brazil, China (People's Republic), Costa Rica, Croatia, El Salvador, Kyrgyzstan, Mexico, Uruguay. The following organizations and national liberation movements also attended as observers: Organization of United Nations, Organizations of African Unity, League of Arab States, Organization of African Unity, League of Asian People's Solidarity Organization, New Independentist Movement of Puerto Rico. V. The following countries and organizations attended the Summit as guests: Australia, Austria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Dominiacan Republic, Finland, Germany, Greece, Holy See, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine. The following organizations also attended as guests: International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), United Nations Special Committee for the Indian Ocean, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), United Nations Development Program (UNDP), World Food Programme (WFP), Secretariat of the Commonwealth, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), United Nations Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestine People, United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), United Nations Special Committee for Reviewing the Situation regarding Enforcement of the Declaration on Granting Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), International Institute for Non-Aligned Studies, South Centre, SELA, G77. VI. The following countries and organizations attended as guests of the Government of Colombia: Japan, the Organization of American States, the International Labour Organization, Greenpeace, International Islamic Federation of Student Organizations, Lawyers Committee on Nuclear Non-Proliferation. VII. The following organizations also attended: The New Agency Pool of the Non-Aligned Countries. VII. The Conference was opened by H.E. Ernesto Samper Pizano, President of the Republic of Colombia who delivered an outstanding statement. The new Chairman of the Movement underlined the future goals and objectives to be pursued within the framework of the Non-Aligned Movement. He reminded that, like Colombia, the Movement has put the economy at the service of the people and its actions should aim at eradicating poverty as a matter of priority and urgency. President Samper also emphasized the need to adopt and alternate development model geared to our peoples' needs and possibilities, including the urgent need to make free trade become a reality. Furthermore, the President of Colombia and new leader of the Movement reiterated that the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries should now be based on cooperation rather than confrontation, as well as on the quest of world peace. In addition, President Samper stressed that modernizing does not mean to abandon the principles which inspired the Movement. In this inspiring statement he reaffirmed that both environmental crisis and the drug issue concerns us all and that ending drug trafficking is an ethical imperative. He underscored the Movement's opposition to the arms race which was, in its time, spurred by the Cold War and registered his conviction on the necessary reform of the United Nations. President Samper urged to reflect on the need for the South to have the right to objective information and pluralism in order to define a new identity based on a culture of tolerance and cooperation. Following a proposal made by the President of Gabon, H.E. El Hadj Omar Bongo, and seconded by the President of Cyprus, H.E. Glafcos Clérides, the Conference decided, by acclamation, to incorporate the statement of President Ernesto Samper Pizano as an official document of the Conference. VIII. The Heads of State or Government welcomed Turkmenistan as a new member of the Movement. They also welcomed Ukraine as a guest of the Movement. 1 THE CALL FROM COLOMBIA The Heads of State or Government of the country members of the Non-Aligned Movement, gathered in the heroic city of Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, hereby made a fervent appeal for the peace and development of our peoples. We note the significant changes that have taken place on the international scene during the last few years. Many of the conflicts which took place in previous decades have been resolved; at the same time, there has been a notable increase in trade and a dynamic development of integration mechanisms at the regional and subregional levels. There has been significant progress in the scientific field. Life expectancy has increased, while the coverage of literacy programs has been expanded, and there has been a notable decrease in child morality rates in the developing countries. There is a new attitude in favour of change from confrontation to cooperation, and clear interest in working for the social and economic development of peoples. Nevertheless, we note with concern the progressive evaporation of the expectations created following the end of the Cold War. The problems we have faced for a long time, which we expected to be gradually overcome with the easing of the bipolar confrontation are now, to a large extent, more apparent and acute than before. Although it is stated that the general economic situation has recovered markedly, in many cases, this improvement has benefited only a few who have accumulated excessive amounts of wealth and power, while unemployment, in various regions, has reached alarming proportions and poverty is spreading inexorably, giving rise to serious social imbalances. The scourge of hunger has dramatically increased and illiteracy continues, however, to be one of the greatest obstacles to the efforts to improve the living conditions of our peoples. Moreover, wide sectors of our societies continue to lack basic medical services, including drinking water, to satisfy their primary needs for survival. Even at the risk of causing internal disruption, we are striving to open up our economies. Yet, some developed countries have continued to impose commercial, financial and technological constraints under various pretexts, which seriously hamper and jeopardize the processes we are carrying out. For many developing countries, in particular the least developed countries, the debt crisis has become a major obstacle for the take of their economies and a drastic hindrance to their social development. Racial discrimination and xenophobia, which we thought were overcome, have gained new impetus. Nationals from many developing countries continue to be marginalized and ethnic or religious minorities are dangerously threatened in many developed countries, while the protests arising out of this situation are suffocated in many cases by indifference. Twenty-four million people, including elderly people, women and children, have been forced out of their homes and wander as refugees or displaced people as a result of racial or religious and political intolerance. They anxiously await a solution to their tragic plight. New modalities have arisen to destabilize the governments of developing countries, with the increasing use of defamation and the distortion of information, which is difficult to respond to effectively with the precarious means at our disposal. Large arms exporters have taken advantage of the new international situation to increase their sales to developing countries, while the states that manufacture such arms have not taken any effective measures to restrict their illicit trade and traffic of arms to groups of terrorists, mercenaries and common criminals, who have easy access to them thanks to the permissiveness of those who tolerate and promote such profitable business, have wound up benefiting from this apathetic behaviour. Notwithstanding the new framework of international relations, we are concerned over the persistence of the nuclear threat and the risk from nuclear testing, which expose our countries to disastrous effects. Simultaneously, thousands of nuclear weapons continue to pose a danger threat to the world. Our peoples are still threatened by rising risks stemming from the irresponsible handling, movement, transhipment and deposit of radioactive materials and toxic wastes generated in industrialized countries. The problem is compounded since the countries of origin, recognizing the hazardous posed by such materials to their respective territories, seek to remove them to the oceans or to land areas of the developing countries. Globalization and interdependence have benefited mainly industrialized countries, and many developing, however, remain marginalized, broadening the gap between rich and poor countries. Globalization has also caused problems and risks to many of the Non-Aligned Countries that are compelled to fact such phenomena as environmental degradation and the problem of illicit drugs, which have their origin in the permissiveness prevailing in certain developed countries. These considerations lead us to affirm: The validity of the Non-Aligned Movement and its fundamental principles are fully preserved. Under the current circumstances, the Movement today constitutes a forum which provides us with a basic framework to coordinate our interests and positions in the international environment. In facing the new realities of this historical juncture, the Movement seeks to promote its objectives through dialogue on the basis of mutual interests and benefit, genuine interdependence and shared responsibility. The Non-Aligned Movement will continue to strive for peace, independence, sovereign equality of the States and non-intervention in their internal affairs, which some are now trying to disregard. At the same time, we will continue unflinchingly to work towards the economic and social betterment, the strengthening of democracy and the free determination of the peoples. Convinced, therefore, that our agreed and active position will allow for the achievement of our common goals, we do hereby adopt the following commitments which we agree to call: THE CALL FROM COLOMBIA 1. We shall continue to promote the restructuring, revitalization and democratization of the United Nations based on the principles contained in its Charter, as well as the restructuring of the international financial system, including the Bretton Woods institutions, all in basis of the principle of sovereign equality of States. 2. We shall redouble our efforts aimed at achieving general and complete disarmament, including the nuclear disarmament and the elimination of type of weapons. 3. We consider essential the complete fulfilment of commitments agreed upon at the Children's Summit at New York, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development at Rio De Janeiro, the World Assembly of the Group of Education for All at Jon-Tien, the World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna, the International Conference on Population and Development at Cairo, the World Summit on Social Development at Copenhagen, and the IV World Conference on Women in Beijing, as well as those agreed on at the Uruguay Round. 4. We shall jointly oppose all kinds of conditionalities and coercive and unilateral measures, rules and policies that are attempted to be imposed upon us or those that are imposed on us, as well as the imposition of models alien to the religious, historical and cultural particularities of our countries. 5. We shall seek to eradicate the remnants of colonialism and foreign occupation and jointly oppose new interventionist trends. 6. We shall persevere in our call for a once-and-for-all settlement of the debt problems of the developing countries, including, in particular, multilateral, and the cancellation of debt of the least developing countries. 7. We will foster the full application of the guiding principles of the Charter of the United Nations and norms of international law, in particular, sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity. Furthermore, we the Heads of State or Government shall: 1. Refrain form the use of threat of use of force against any State, and resort to the negotiation and other means provided by international law for the peaceful settlement of disputes. 2. Pursue reduction of military expenditures with the aim of devoting such resources towards the economic and social development of our peoples. 3. Commit ourselves to eradicate illiteracy and poverty. We request from the President of Colombia, Ernesto Samper, in his capacity as Chairman of our Movement, to undertake the following actions: 1. Convey to the Heads of State or Government of the Group of 7 the positions and concerns of the Member Countries of the Movement at the meetings of that Group. 2. Take the necessary steps to promote South-South cooperation among Members of the Movement, in as much as this is one of the fundamental objectives of our effort and can help our States achieve greater collective self-sufficiency. 3. Formulate appropriate recommendations for reviewing the operation, procedures and actions of the Movement, within the framework of our guiding principles. 4. Move ahead with the study and implementation of actions of the Movement aimed at effectively improving the social condition of our peoples. In conclusion, we, the Heads of state or Government of the Non-Aligned countries, express to President Ernesto Samper, to the people and to the Government of Colombia our unconditional and absolute support in the brave and bold struggle that they are resolutely conducting against the scourge of drug trafficking, within the framework of its internal legislation and of the international commitments of which it is part. Likewise, we express our resolute support to Colombia's initiative and that of other developing countries, to call for, within the framework of the United Nations, a world conference regarding the problem of illicit drugs. 2 FINAL DOCUMENT Introduction 1. The Heads of State of Government of the Non-Aligned Movement, met in Cartagene de Indias, Colombia, to address crucial global issues affecting their peoples with the view to agreeing to a set of actions in the promotion of peace, security and development, conducive to a new system of international relations based on the principles of justice, equality and democracy. CHAPTER I: GLOBAL ISSUES Review of the International Situation 2. The Heads of State or Government gathered in the midst of a unique and momentous time. While the consequences of the end of the Cold War have begun to be observed in their true dimension in a number of situations and the world economy moves along the path of the new dynamic of globalization, expectations of humanity to attain a new, just and equitable international system based on respect, justice and equity among nations do not seem close to being realized. 3. Wealth and trade have grown in an accelerated fashion in a number of nations, life expectancy and access to primary education have increased and the average rate of infant mortality has been noticeably reduced in many countries. Nevertheless, poverty and hunger have reached dramatic magnitudes in many Non-Aligned and other developing countries, creating one of the greatest paradoxes of our time. More than 500 million people suffer from hunger and many die as a result of it. Unemployment has grown in an accelerated fashion. The planet and its inhabitants are the victims of the inexorable deterioration of the environment and of unsustainable patterns of consumption in some industrialized countries. 4. Even when the spectre of a nuclear holocaust seems more remote than in the recent past and several countries have resolved to reduce their military budgets in order to devote such resources to meet the social and economic development requirements of their people, great powers continue to endanger the future of human kind through the unjustified stockpiling and development of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction and a rampant traffic in armaments continues to put in jeopardy the security and stability of vast regions of the world. 5. While noting with satisfaction that a number of conflicts affecting the stability of countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean have been settled through agreements of tremendous historical significance, having important repercussions on the regional and world stages, and that democracy and democratic institutions have gained in strength and become more participatory, the Heads of State or Government expressed their serious concern about the exacerbation of existing conflicts and disputed and the emergency of new conflicts, as well as the reappearance of old ethnic, religious, economic and social rivalries that were believed overcome. Meanwhile, they noted that the breakup of one of the superpowers has led to the disappearance of the balance of power and to a latent instability worldwide. They emphasized that the world today is still far from being a peaceful, just and secure place. Simmering disputes, violent conflicts, aggression and foreign occupation, interference in the internal affairs of States, policies of hegemony and domination, ethnic strife, religious intolerance, xenophobia, new forms of racism and narrowly conceived nationalism are, inter alia, major and dangerous obstacles to harmonious coexistence among States and peoples and have even led to the disintegration of States and societies. They also noted with revulsion massive violations of human rights and humanitarian law, including the perpetration of acts of genocide and crimes against humanity in various regions of the world. 6. In Latin America and the Caribbean, political and economic developments give momentum to a consolidation of peace, to greater democracy and economic progress. The region is moving firmly towards cooperation. Long-standing conflicts in Central America have been successfully settled and the consolidation of peace proceeds steadily; in Haiti, for the first time after more than a century and a half of independence life, a democratically elected leader is in power. In Africa events have taken place which would have seemed inconceivable only some years ago. South Africa, having dismantled the abhorrent system of apartheid, established a non-racial and democratic government under President Nelson Mandela; Mozambique has opened a new chapter in its history with the holding of its first multiparty general elections in October last year, paving the way fore the consolidation of peace, stability and national reconciliation, and to embark on the process of economic development of the country; in Angola, the progress made in the implementation of the Lusaka Protocol and the deployment of UNAVEM III in accordance with resolution 976 (1995) has created a climate conducive to the attainment of a lasting peace and stability in the country; Eritrea, after a protracted and bloody liberation war, is now an independent nation whose people, despite the difficulties faced, are confidently on the path to meeting the challenges of the future. In Europe, the recent peace initiative launched in Bosnia-Herzegovina raises much hope for a final, just and equitable settlement of the conflict, the atrocities of which have marked the end of this century. Asia has witnessed positive trends towards cooperation for peace and development: in Southeast Asia, Vietnam's new membership of ASEAN is a significant step in the process of regional integration and Cambodia, after the 1993 elections, is advancing on the road to social and economic development and democracy and in Northeast Asia, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea has concluded key accords with the United States of America. In the Middle East, President Yasser Arafat has concluded historical accords with Israel on behalf of Palestine; while Syria is committed to finding a peaceful solution to the problem of the occupation of its territory by Israel on the basis of the United Nations Security Council these many positive and encouraging developments, the Non-Aligned Countries are not guaranteed that their security and development needs will be met. 7. While a number of commitments on development have been reached in the past and more recently in a number of international conferences on development, many of these commitments remain to be fulfilled. 8. The Heads of State or Government expressed their concern over the adverse external economic environment that continues to impact negatively upon the economies of the developing countries. The experts of these countries continue to be hampered by all forms of protectionism and their development efforts remain impaired by inordinate burdens of external indebtedness and restricted and volatile short-term financial flows, which have resulted in an overall net transfer of resources to the developed countries, and by a lack of adequate access to technology. These are compounded by a secular decline in the price of commodities and the overall deteriorating terms of trade of the developing countries. From this point of view, Africa, which covers one fourth of the Earth's surface, which has considerable natural resources and which will account for one fifth of the world's population by the turn of the century, deserves further attention, given the critical economic situation in this continent, which has been particularly hard hit in many fields of economic and social development. 9. The Heads of State or Government expressed their determination to carry out necessary action for changing this situation in order that it should fulfil the interests and true aspirations and developing countries. 10. The Heads of State or Government observed that in spite of the end of the Cold War and the settlement of internal conflicts in some States, illicit trade and traffic in weapons have increased significantly. This has contributed to a rise of new areas of armed conflict and unprecedented levels, in violence by organized crime, terrorism and subversion in rural as well as urban areas. They considered that the international community should undertake a vigorous and concerted action to bring to an end the illicit circulation and traffic of small arms, and maintain its efforts aimed at the solution of conflicts in the affected regions. 11. They expressed their deep concern at the tremendous humanitarian problem caused by the presence of mines and other unexploded devices or populations of mine-infested countries and the high number of victims of mines, specially among civilian populations. 12. While underlining the importance of implementation of all Security Council resolutions and mandates of United Nations Peace-Keeping Operations, they noted with concern the increasing tendency, evident on the part of some States, to promote their national interests through decisions of the Security Council of the United Nations. They considered that efforts towards the preservation of international peace and security through Peace-Keeping Operations should strictly adhered to the purpose and principles of the UN Charter and should not lead to a new system of intervention in the internal affairs of States. 13. Some States seek to unilaterally impose their policies and cultural and social criteria on developing countries and to exercise their power and influence in international organizations and agencies. The experience of some Member States of NAM indeed shows that some powerful members of the international community continue to insist on their models and perceptions as standards for universal behaviour. Consequently, countries of the Non-Aligned Movement are increasingly the object of unilateral or multilateral interventionism in their internal affairs under various pretexts. In this context, the Heads of State or Government expressed their concern at the continuous attempts to erode the principle of sovereignty and non-interference in the internal affairs of NAM countries and the increased resistance by a number of developed countries to reaffirm those principles in international instruments and negotiations and to endorse their continuing relevance and applicability. 14. The Heads of State or Government were of the view that the collapse of the bipolar system, while raising hopes for ensuring a universal, just and durable peace that are yet to be fulfilled, could result in a worrisome and damaging unipolarity that would be conducive to further inequality and injustice and, therefore, to a more complex and disquieting world situation. They emphasized the need to work together towards the establishment of a new system of international relations characterized by an absence of want, fear and all forms of intolerance, and that is, on the contrary, based on peace, justice, equality, democracy and full respect of the principles enshrined in the United Nations Charter and international law. In this context, they reaffirmed their conviction that the Movement should continue to play an active and effective role for the attainment of that objective. 15. These circumstances therefore compel the Movement more than ever to work towards cooperation and a sense of full partnership in the international field, for the promotion of peace and social and economic development. 16. The Heads of State or Government reaffirmed the continued validity and relevance of the principles and objectives of the independence, territorial integrity and sovereignty of States, the attainment of general and complete disarmament under effective international control, the rights of peoples under colonial or other forms of alien domination of foreign occupation to realize their rights to self-determination, equality among nations, full respect for international law, pacific settlement of disputes, the democratization of international relations, economic and social development, an equitable international economic order, the development of human resources, the protection and promotion of all human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the rights to development, and the coexistence of different systems, cultures and societies. In this context, they emphasized the need for the pursuit of their objectives through a dynamic adaptation to the new realities as well as through the articulation of appropriate strategies, initiatives and projects. 17. The Heads of State or Government emphasized that in order for the Movement to enhance its role at the international level, it must continue to work on expanding the reinforcing its ability and capacity for initiative, representation and negotiation, as well as its ethical, political and moral strength as a forum representing the interests and aspirations of the developing world. In this regard, they reaffirmed that fully respect for the founding principles of the Movement adopted in Bandung and the principles set forth in the United Nations Charter is its irrevocable political and moral commitment. They considered that the role of the Movement in the attainment of its objectives hinges upon the solidarity of its members, its unity and cohesion, founded on a culture of peace and development, and requires joint efforts to overcome areas of disagreement and resolving differences in a peaceful manner. International economic cooperation for development. 18. While the end of the Cold War should have brought greater attention and concern to economic and social development issues on the part of the international community, they have not yet reached the pre-eminence that is required nor the degree of commitment necessary to resolve the serious problems faced by countries such as those of the Movement. In fact, in recent years, there has been a decline in resources made available for international development cooperation. The emergence of the market-based paradigm of development has also been accompanied by efforts to shift the entire onus for international development cooperation to the private sector. The Heads of State of Government reaffirmed the role of the State in development and in international cooperation for development. 19. Furthermore, the Heads of State or Government have witnessed the emergence of a trend in developed countries to ignore their past commitments and to marginalize development issues from international negotiations, introducing new conditionalities and eroding and distorting long-standing concepts to the detriment of Non-Aligned Countries and other developing countries. They therefore stressed the need for the Movement ensure an active presence in international economic and commercial negotiations, with strong, concerted and common positions. 20. The international situation continues to be very fluid. The climate of uncertainty persists. The tendency to focus attention primarily on the interests and concerns of limited number of developed countries continues, while recent commitments made in some major areas of international cooperation remain unfulfilled. The interests of the developing countries continue to be marginalized. Private foreign investment tends to be concentrated in few developing countries and a few sectors, and a significant part of these flows is speculative and volatile in nature. The social and economic infrastructure in the developing countries is lagging behind, constraining growth prospects. It is imperative that this state of affairs be rectified as a matter of priority. The fundamental requirement of development must be reflected in the new priorities of international cooperation. 21. They underlined the fact that the gap between the developed and developing countries, specially the LDCs, continues to widen, and reiterated that the problems deriving from poverty and social injustices, far from being overcome, have been significantly aggravated. They expressed particular concern over the economic situation in the LDCs, the majority of which are located in Africa. They noted further that economic underdevelopment, poverty and social injustice constitute a source of frustration and a cause of new conflicts, and that stability, security, democracy and peace cannot be consolidated without rectifying the growing international inequalities. They therefore felt that there was an urgent need to regenerate the economies of the LDCs in order to achieve sustained growth and sustainable development. 22. The Heads of State or Government particularly emphasized that the high social cost of the structural adjustment and opening up of the economies of the countries of the Movement should not be borne by developing countries alone, specially the poorest sectors of their population. It is the developed countries that have derived the greatest benefits from this change in the world economy, while the alarming concentration of wealth in a few hands, a consequence of the unbridled market-economy, heralds social instability. Therefore they found it unacceptable that rich and powerful nations continue to establish unilateral conditionalities on open trade, a concept which they themselves promote, to gain advantages from the countries of the Movement, or what is even worse, to impose standards or push through stances intended to satisfy their internal political needs. They declared that to demand from the countries of the Movement the opening up of their economies while imposing restrictions and tariff obstructions on their products is a morally reprehensible conduct. 23. They pointed out that the globalization of the world economy, aided by the revolution in communications and data processing, has created new challenges and opportunities. However, this globalization process has translated itself into an increased marginalization for the majority of the developing countries. 24. While the benefits of the deepening interdependence amongst economies are clearly manifested in the developed countries, they have been fragile in the case of the developing countries as a whole. The Heads of State or Government therefore called for the implementation of measures by the international community to create a more balanced and participatory system of international economic relations in which such interdependence would benefit all nations. 25. They called for the fostering of closer cooperation with developed countries as well as with regional and subregional economic groupings with a view to promoting a well coordinated and integrated approach to international economic relations based on equity and justice, and mutuality of interests and benefits. They further considered that South-South cooperation in all its aspects should be actively pursued by the Movement. They decided that programmes and projects on South-South cooperation should be implemented by Non-Aligned Countries in order to complement their economies and continue the path towards self-reliance. 26. They noted that integration into the world economy of countries with economies in transition has had the effect of absorbing considerable resources which previously would have been allocated to developing countries. In this regard, the expectations regarding its anticipated benefits to the Non-Aligned Countries have not been met. They expressed concern about the new priorities of the developed countries favouring the economies in transition. They stressed that the Movement should address this problem in all appropriate fora by, inter alia, reiterating the urgent need for the international community to fully implement all existing commitments on development as agreed at various international conferences and meetings on development, particularly through the provision of new and additional resources. 27. It is evident that the achievement of a sustained economic growth and the solution of social problems cannot be the result of free market functioning alone. Economic and social development constitute interdependent processes that must be mutually reinforcing. Even if free initiative and creativity are an important basis for progress, appropriate interventions may be required to mitigate the negative impact of some market forces in certain cases and achieve conditions of economic and social stability. Therefore, as a development models cannot be imposed, they encouraged alternative approaches to development consistent with national needs and priorities of each Non-Aligned country. The Legacy of Bandung. 28. On the occasion of the commemoration of its fortieth anniversary, the Heads of State or Government hailed the historical Conference of Bandung which gave birth to the principles of Non-Alignment and the peaceful coexistence among States having different economic or political systems. They reiterated that the Declaration issued on that memorable occasion constituted a milestone in the emergency of an independent current of though, an expression of the legitimate longings for freedom and progress of the peoples and of the aspirations of the developing countries. 29. They reiterated that the Movement's role in promoting a just international order would depend largely on its inner strength, unity and cohesion. It is, therefore, incumbent on all Member States to work earnestly towards promoting solidarity and unity of the Movement. This would require sincere efforts to remove areas of disagreements between Member States and resolve disputes among themselves peacefully. 30. The Heads of State or Government underlined the historic role and constructive contribution of the Movement to the promotion of a peaceful world and cooperative relations among States. Furthermore, the core of its philosophy has endured and its underlying principles remain unchanged. There is no disputing the continued validity of its principles and objectives which include, inter alia, the safeguarding of the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of States, exercise of self-determination and sovereignty of the Non-Aligned other developing countries, achievement of disarmament, especially nuclear disarmament, end to colonialism and all forms of subjugation, eradication of racism and all forms of racial discrimination, peaceful co-existence among States, democratization of inter-State relations, peaceful settlement of regional conflict, attainment of development goals of all developing countries and protection of human rights, especially their social economic dimensions. They lauded its meaningful contribution to the struggle to achieve general disarmament and a ban on the production, testing and use of weapons of mass destruction. They recognized its visionary contribution to the promotion of development and South-South cooperation. 31. They underlined that the resolve of the Movement's position over the last thirty-four years has sparked many of the accomplishments observed in the international field in recent periods, including the independence of many territories under colonial yoke and the expression of the felt needs of the peoples of the Non-Aligned Countries which were not even heard when they stood individually or in isolation. They considered that Non-Alignment meant and will continue to represent the collective expression of nations with common identities and needs. The Movement's role in promoting a just international order would depend largely on its inner strength, unity and cohesion. It is incumbent on all Member States to work earnestly towards promoting solidarity and unity of the Movement. This would require sincere efforts to remove means of disagreement between Member States and resolve disputes among themselves peacefully. The Role of the Non-Aligned Movement. 32. expressed their satisfaction of the current trend of revitalization in the activities of the Non-aligned Movement, since the Jakarta Summit held in 1992, the Eleventh Ministerial Conference in Cairo in 1994, and the Ministerial Meeting of the Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Countries held in Bandung in April this year, and stressed that such trend should be maintained and encouraged in the future. In this regard, they concurred, in particular, to evolve the mechanism of enhancement of the role of the Non-Aligned Movement in conformity with changes in the international situation so that the Movement, as spokesman representing the interests of the Non-Aligned Movement in conformity with changes in the international situation so that the Movement, as spokesman representing the interests of the Non-Aligned and other developing countries, will be able to respond effectively and expeditiously to the current challenges on the basis of positions agreed by its Members. 33. They emphasized that the Movement should enhance its unity and cohesion, and coordinate positions of Member Countries towards the major international issues, with a view to strengthening their negotiating power vis-a-vis the developed countries. In this context, they considered that the Movement should define its characteristic of the New International Order to be based on justice, equality and democracy in international relations, and adopt a common strategy to that end. They also emphasized that it is necessary to improve the mechanism for coordination of position among members, such as existing working groups in the United Nations and specialized agencies and to promote the process of achieving the commonality of positions and interests of the Non-Aligned Countries and speaking with one voice in international negotiations. 34. They underlined the need to reactivate the Movement, and with this view, decide to commemorate the 35th Anniversary of the founding of the Non-Aligned Movement on the occasion of the meeting of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Non-Aligned Movement to be held in September 1996. They instructed the Coordinating Bureau in New York with the task of carrying out consultations with a view to completing preparations for the commemoration, including deciding on the venue on its anniversary and preparation of the topics to be discussed therein. 35. They recognized that it is essential to increase inner strength for enhancing the role of the Movement. They decided to introduce a system of a rotating three years duration chairmanship of the Ministerial Committee on Methodology, which they consider would provide a new impetus to further improving the working methods and efficiency of the Movement. In this regard, they recalled early adoption of criteria for the admission of new members, observers and guests. They reaffirmed that the enhancement of the role of the Movement should be a constant process and considered that the Ministerial Committee on Methodology should continue to intensify its activities for a thorough ad extensive examination of several aspects related to the structure and modalities of the Non-Aligned Movement. They recommended that the Ministerial Committee meets early in 1996, to consider ways and means for enhancing the role of the Movement in the light of recent changes in the international situation. 36. The Heads of State or Government stressed the importance of the recommendation made by the 11th Ministerial Conference in Cairo in 1994 that the backup system, which was devised in the 10th Ministerial Conference in Accra in 1991 and adopted by the Jakarta Summit in 1992 be brought into effect. 37. The Heads of State or Government , having reviewed the international situation and having reaffirmed the importance of the principles and objectives of the Movement, decided to seek additional ways and means for collective action in order to broaden its influence and role in world affairs. A primary reason for such a need is to promote the observance of the principles of the United Nations Charter and international law as a fundamental basis for peaceful coexistence among States. They expressed appreciation for the important and active role being played by the Coordinating Bureau in New York and its Working Groups and Drafting Groups. They were also convinced that such a role should be further intensified to meet the rapidly changing needs in the international context, including the emerging of new issues that are of great concern to the Movement. The Heads of State or Government therefore entrusted the Coordinating Bureau with the task of intensifying its actions to further strengthen coordination and mutual cooperation among Non-Aligned Countries, including unified action in the United Nations and other international fora on issues of common concern. They were also of the view that when necessary, the Coordinating Bureau should convene its meetings at Ministerial level on a specific issue of major concern. they were also of the view that when necessary, the Coordinating Bureau should convene its meetings at ministerial level on a specific issue of major concern to the Movement, as has been the past practice. 38. The Heads of State or Government recognized the importance of coordination and cooperation between the NAM and the Group of 77 in promoting the interest of the developing countries in the international fora. In this context they welcomed the adoption by the NAM and Group of 77 on the Terms of Reference of the Joint Coordinating Committee of the Non-Aligned Movement and the Group of 77 (JCC), particularly its operationalization. They also noted with appreciation the progress achieved by the JCC in pursuing the interest of developing countries as reflected in the joint submission by both the Chairman of NAM and Group of 77, in their capacity as Co-Chairman of JCC of the Message of the Chairman of the Non-Aligned Movement to the Chairman of the Group of 7 Summit in Halifax, and in the negotiations of the General Assembly resolution on the Strengthening of the United Nations system that was adopted by consensus. The fact that the developing countries now have a mechanism whereby they can forge their solidarity on various issues augurs well for the future. They therefore decided to build upon these success and entrusted the JCC to enhance its active role in accordance with its mandate as contained in the Terms of Reference of the JCC. 39. The Heads of State or Government noted with satisfaction the coordination undertaken between the Chairman of the Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement in New York and the Members of Non-Aligned Movement Caucus in the Security Council in addressing matters of particular importance to Members of the Movements as called for by the previous Non-Aligned Movement Summits. They therefore called for the need to continue and enhance the coordination and to explore ways and means that would facilitate further such a coordination as appropriate, including the possibility of holding consultations, on a regular basis, between the Member of the Non-Aligned Movement Caucus and Members of the Movement through the Coordinating Bureau. The Role of the United Nations. 40. The Heads of State or Government reaffirmed their abiding commitment to the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter. They reiterated their belief that the United Nations represents the most appropriate international forum for the maintenance of international peace and security and the peaceful settlement of disputes, for the achievement of freedoms and for securing the right of self-determination of peoples under colonial or other forms of alien domination, or foreign occupation, for the attainment and just and equitable economic relations and social emancipation, for the full enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms as well as for the strengthening of friendly relations and peaceful coexistence among nations. The irreplaceable role and value of the Organization as the unique multilateral framework to deal global issues is beyond contention. So are the many contributions made by the world body and its specialized agencies to the economic, social and cultural advancement of all countries and peoples. 41. The Movement, which constitutes two thirds of the United Nation membership, is determined to build upon its achievements and calls upon its Members to utilize the potential of the Organization in a much more purposeful and rational way and thereby advance their shared aspirations such as peace, common security and prosperity for all. It is at the United Nations that the Movement must assert itself as the collective and effective spokesman for the developing world. 42. They reaffirmed their conviction that the United Nations is the most important vehicle to channel the contribution of the Movement of the Non-Aligned Countries for the shaping of a new system of international relations based on justice and equity and the other guiding principles of the Non-Aligned Movement. Therefore they reiterated the determination of the Movement to play a vital role in the revitalization, restructuring and democratization of the United Nations system. In this context, they reaffirmed the role of the Non-Aligned Movement High Level Working Group for the Restructuring of the United Nations to democratize and enhance the effectiveness of the Organization in accordance with the principles and purposes of the Charter and to ensure the Movement's involvement in this important process. 43. In commemorating the Fiftieth Anniversary of the establishment of the United Nations, the Heads of State or Government emphasized that the role of the United Nations should be geared at the positive transformation of the international society, the promotion of economic and social development; the maintenance of international peace and security; the promotion of a better understanding among peoples; the ongoing process of decolonization and the universal realization of the principle of equal rights and self-determination. They highlighted the numerous and complex transformations that have occurred in the world during the second half of the present century. The United Nations has grown from 51 founding States, to 185 Member States, many of which achieved their independence in the last five decades. 44. The Heads of State or Government reiterated the need to democratize the U.N., for which the Fiftieth Anniversary should be a pivotal point. While they agreed with the need to place the Organization in tune with the need to place the Organization in tune with the new realities, they stated unequivocally that actions taken in this process should not result in the further perpetuation of existing anomalies in the United Nations and political imbalances, nor a way of escaping from faithfully respecting the general principles already spelled-out half a century ago, in particular the principles of impartiality sovereignty, national independence, territorial integrity and non-interference in the internal affairs of States, the validity of which has been fully vindicated. In this context, they also expressed their conviction that the role of Non-Aligned and other developing countries in the Organization cannot be further eroded nor their interest be pushed to the sidelines to the benefit of the foreign policies of great powers. 45. They considered that the highest priority and greatest challenge to the U.N. in the new era is the promotion of social and economic development. In this respect, they emphasized the need for restoring primacy of the United Nations role in the restructuring of international economic relations on the basis of justice and equity. Strengthening, Restructuring, Revitalization and Democratization of the United Nations. 46. They reiterated the importance of the reform and restructuring of the United Nations. In the context they reaffirmed the role of the General Assembly as the highest deliberative and decision-making organ of the U.N. system. In this regard they commended the activities of the Non-Aligned Movement High Level Working Group for the Restructuring of the United Nations in promoting a strong, concerted and common position of the Movement as well as in contributing constructively in the negotiating process which led to the adoption by consensus of relevant U.N. resolutions. They welcomed the important measures that have been adopted to revitalize the General Assembly, including the decision to continue using existing mechanisms and creating new bodies as necessary and considered that these measures should be fully implemented and further developed and refined. They reiterated, furthermore, the call so scrupulously observe the arrangements set out in the Charter regarding the respective functions of the General Assembly and the Security Council, and they underlined the need to establish more effective relations between the two organs on the basis of the necessary accountability by the Council of the General Assembly. 47. The Heads of State or Government entrusted the Coordinating Bureau in New York with the task of studying the recent reports and proposals by a number of entities, including non-governmental and other institutions, regarding the restructuring of the U.N. which have far-reaching implications for the Non-Aligned and other developing countries, with a view, inter-alia, to determine NAM's positions on the issues involved. In this context, they took note of the establishment of the High Level Working Group of the General Assembly on Strengthening the United Nations system. In this regard, while reiterating the necessity of the reform and restructuring of the U.N. system in order to increase its effectiveness and efficiency, they emphasized that the work and inputs of this working group should not weaken the developmental activities of the United Nations system and should not overlap the work of other existing working groups. In this context, they agreed that the Movement shall participate actively in the negotiating process with unified positions. 48. They emphasized that democratization of the United Nations and its bodies should be pursued in the spirit of sovereign equality of States. They appealed to the major States to accept this inevitable process in the broader interest of all humankind. 49. The Heads of State or Government welcomed the ongoing endeavours aimed at reforming and improving certain structures and procedures of the United Nations as an essential component of strengthening multilateralism with a view to ensuring equal participation, more balanced representation and better equilibrium in keeping with the principles and objectives of the United Nations. In this context, they stressed the need to democratize the United Nations to better reflect the universal nature of the Organization and fulfil the principle of sovereign equality of States. They underlined, in particular, the need for full democracy and transparency in the work of the Security Council, in view of its recent practices and performance. They expressed their determination to participate constructively in the process of revitalization and reform in the firm conviction that the United Nations is an indispensable forum to be supported and strengthened. Yet, democratization of the international political and economic institutions inherent in such a process continues to be hampered by those who seek to preserve their privileged position of power. In these endeavours, the main purpose should be to make the Organization more responsive to the changing realities and emerging challenges of peace and development in a dynamic context. 50. In view of the increasing trend on the part of some countries to exercise undue influence over the Security Council and the privileged and dominant role that the veto rights ensures for the Permanent Members of the Council, which is contrary to the aim of democratizing the United Nations, they reiterated their position adopted at the Fifth, Sixth and Tenth Summits, regarding the special privilege by Permanent Members of the Security Council to exercise the veto, and committed themselves to actively promote its curtailment with a view to its elimination. Furthermore, while welcoming the actions taken by the Council with regard to its transparency and working methods, they considered them still insufficient and urged the General Assembly to recommend to the Council further measures to ensure its full democratization. 51. They took note of the report of the open-ended working group on the question of equitable representation on and increase in the membership of the Security Council, reflecting agreement to expand the Security Council and to review its working methods and other matters related to its functioning in order to strengthen its capacity and effectiveness and enhance its representative character. As important differences continue to exist, further in-depth consideration of these issues is required. They acknowledged that the Non-Aligned Countries participated in the deliberations of the open-ended working group and expressed their determination that the Movement pursue the work of the open-ended working group in a concerted and active manner. 51bis. They reaffirmed that both the reform and the expansion aspects of the Security Council should be considered as integral parts of a common package, taking into account the principle of sovereign equality of States and equitable geographic distribution, as well as the need for transparency, accountability and democratization in the working methods and procedures of the Security Council, including its decision-making process. They noted positively the proposal submitted by NAM to the open-ended working group on Security Council reform, encompassing the issues of membership, transparency and working methods of the Council. They emphasized that the proposal to expand the Council should be comprehensive in nature, in order to improve its credibility and thus reflect the universal character of te world organization. They considered it essential to substantially increase the proportion of members of the Council belonging to the Movement and to that end they urged that the Non-Aligned Countries should work towards increasing the representation of developing countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean in the Security Council. Any attempt to exclude Non-Aligned Countries from any expansion in the membership of the Security Council would be unacceptable to the Movement. They therefore agreed on the need for a coherent and coordinated approach by the Members of the Movement. 52. They stressed the importance of enhancing the effective functioning of the Security Council by adopting specific measures aimed at improving the working relationship of the Council with the General Assembly, other organs of the United Nations and the non-members of the Security Council. They also underscored the need to operationalize Article 50 of the Charter, particularly by institutionalizing consultations envisaged under this article, as well as adopt other effective measures to enable non-members to bring to the attention of the Council members their problems and difficulties with a view to their solution. 53. While recognizing the importance acquired by informal closed meetings of the members of the Council, they reaffirmed their conviction that those informal consultations must not replace the provisions enshrined in the charter ad the provisional rules of procedure of the Council, nor restrict the necessary transparency in its work. 54. In order to meet the objective of a restructuring of the United Nations that would achieve democratization, transparency and efficiency of the Security Council as well as better valance of functions between the principal organs of the United Nations, the Heads of State or Government examined various mechanisms including the possible convening of the General Conference for the revision of the Charter foreseen in Article 109 of the Charter of the United Nations at an appropriate time. 55. They took note of the fact that the fiftieth session of the General Assembly is examining the role of the Trusteeship Council as part of the comprehensive process geared at revitalizing and rendering the United Nations more effective, in particular its principal organs. 56. They took note of the Supplement of An Agenda For Peace submitted by the Secretary General of the United Nations and of the reconvening of the Informal Working Group of the General Assembly on An Agenda For Peace. In this regard, they expressed their readiness to consider the Supplement and the proposals contained therein and to that end entrusted the Non-Aligned Movement High Level Working Group for the Restructuring of the United Nations with the task of continuing its work to achieve as common position of the Movement in the negotiating process and to ensure that the objective of strengthening the United Nations system would be pursued within the framework of an in accordance with the provisions of the Charter. 57. They reiterated that democracy within the family of nations would require the fullest consultation, participation and engagement of all States, large and small, in the work of the Organization. they further underlined that preventive diplomacy and post-conflict peace-building should be carried-out on the basis of the principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations. 58. They considered that the General Assembly must undertake an in-depth examination of the problems related to the restructuring of the Secretariat of the United Nations, particularly in the light of the report presented by the Secretary-General on this subject to the 49th regular session of the Assembly, contained in document A/49/336, taking into account the discussion that was generated on that matter. 59. They supported the suggestion of the Secretary General on the need for the Security Council to establish as mechanism to study, including in the context of this implementation of Article 50 of the Charter, all the aspects related to sanctions and their real impact. They concurred that the application of sanctions in accordance with the Charter has profound consequences, not only for the target countries, but for the neighbouring States and trading partners. They economic problems encountered by such States in the wake of sanctions imposed on any other State should be addressed promptly through adequate compensation. They pointed out that sanctions should be lifted as soon as their objectives are fulfilled, and any attempts to impose or extend their application for the sake of attaining certain political objectives is to be rejected. Furthermore, they considered that many critical aspects need clarification before sanctions are imposed. They affirmed that to this end, serious study should be given to ways of minimizing the possible unintended and long-term effects on the target countries and to reduce to a minimum any damage or impact on neighbouring countries or third parties. The study should consider the need for clearly defined objectives, as timetable and humanitarian considerations such as the effective on the civilian population. 60. They agreed on the importance that the United Nations, and the Security Council in particular, invest greater efforts and resources toward the pacific settlement of disputes, which would both help avert the human sufferings brought about by the deepening of international crises and channel resources from the international community into urgent economic and social needs for which adequate financing is not available today. United Nations Peace-Keeping Operations 61. The Heads of State or Government reaffirmed that the primary responsibility for international peace and security rests with the United Nations. 62. The Heads of State or Government recognized the importance of United Nations Peace-Keeping Operations and reaffirmed their conviction that all such operations should strictly abide by the principles and purposes enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations. They emphasized that Peace-Keeping Operations should be guided by the principles adopted in this regard at the Eleventh Ministerial Conference of NAM held in Cairo in 1994. 63. They expressed their concern for the imbalance between the associated expenses of the large number of existing Peace-Keeping Operations and resources available for development activities of the United Nations, as well as for the complexity of the functions and tasks assigned to them. They also expressed reservations at the emerging trend whereby Peace-Keeping Operations evolve into operations of a military nature which are not authorized in conformity with the provisions of the Charter. In that regard, they reiterated the need to differentiate between Peace-Keeping Operations and humanitarian assistance. 64. The Heads of State or Government highlighted the need for the urgent establishment of a uniform United Nations scale of compensation of death and disability in respect of Peace-Keeping personnel. 65. They stressed that the contribution of developing countries is an important factor for the success of Peace-Keeping Operations. It is necessary, therefore, to address the problems of delay in reimbursement of troop costs and the use of contingent owned equipment to participating countries, in particular Non-Aligned and other developing countries. 66. They noted that Peace-Keeping is an ad-hoc measure used to prevent conflict situations from escalating while ways to resolve the conflict peacefully are being pursued. In this regard, they asserted that Peace-Keeping Operations should not be a preferred method of containing conflicts, and therefore, every effort should be made to seek early resolution of conflicts. 67. The Heads of State or Government commended that valuable contributions of Members on NAM to the various U.N. Peace-Keeping Operations. they paid tribute to the sacrifices made by contingents from Non-Aligned Countries participating in the different U.N. Peace-Keeping Operations in the pursuit of peace. The financial situation of the United Nations. 68. The Heads of State or Government expressed their concern at the financial situation of the United Nations and stressed that its fundamental cause is the failure by some developed States to pay their assessed contributions to the regular budget and Peace-Keeping Operations in full and on time. They called upon these States to fulfil their outstanding obligations without any conditions whatsoever as demonstration of their political will to honour their obligations under the Charter which apply to all Members. 69. They reiterated that the principle of the capacity to pay must remain the fundamental criterion underlying any review of the methodology of apportionment of the expenses of the Organization. They also stressed that any review of the methodology should be based on consensus and consultation and not on the basis of unilateral measures. 70. The Heads of State or Government further recalled the obligation of Member States under Article 17 of the Charter to bear the expenses of the Organization as apportioned by the General Assembly. In this context, they further stressed that major contributors should give practical effect to their commitments to the Organization and take the lead in meeting their assessed contributions in a full and timely manner on the occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the United Nations. 71. In this regard the Heads of State or Government took note of the progress made by the High Level Open-Ended Working Group on the Financial Situation of the U.N. and expressed the hope that the outcome of its deliberations should enable the General Assembly to take the appropriate measures to place the Organization in a financially viable position to take up the challenges with which it is faced. 72. They also reaffirmed the view that the principles contained in the special scale of assessments established by resolution 3101 (XXVIII) for the apportionment of the expenses of Peace-Keeping Operations, should be adopted in a permanent manner. In this context, they agreed on the need that the scale for the financing of such operations should clearly reflect the special responsibilities of the Permanent Members of the Security Council, as well as the economic situation being faced by the different countries or groups of countries. Regional Organizations. 73. While reaffirming that the primary responsibility for international peace and security rests with the United Nations, the Heads of State or Government stressed that the role of regional arrangements or agencies, in that regard, should not in any way substitute the role of the United Nations, or circumvent the full application of the guiding principles of the United Nations and international law. 74. They reaffirmed that a process of consultations, cooperation and coordination between the U.N. and regional arrangements or agencies, based on Chapter VIII of the Charter, as well as on their mandates, scope and composition, is useful and can contribute to the maintenance of international peace and security. 75. They stated that regional arrangements on economic cooperation can contribute to development and to the growth of the world economy through, inter alia, the promotion of trade, investments and technology transfer. They stressed the need for a firm commitment to enhance economic cooperation among developing countries within the framework of an open, multilateral, equitable and non-discriminatory trading system. 76. They highlighted the important role that regional arrangements and agencies, composed of Non-Aligned and other developing countries, can play in the promotion of regional peace and security, economic cooperation and economic and social development. The Right to Self-Determination and Decolonization 77. They reiterated the continued validity of the fundamental right of all peoples to self-determination the exercise of which, in the case of peoples under colonial or alien domination and foreign occupation, is essential to guarantee universal respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. They strongly condemned ongoing brutal suppression of the legitimate aspirations for self-determination of peoples under colonial or alien domination and foreign occupation in various regions of the world. 78. They observed with satisfaction the emergence into sovereign statehood and independence of peoples once under colonial or alien domination and foreign occupation. They reaffirmed the inalienable right of peoples of non -self-governing territories to self-determination and independence in accordance with GA resolution 1514 (XV) of 14 December 1960 regardless of the territory's size, geographical location, population and limited natural resources. They renewed their commitment to hasten the complete elimination of colonialism and supported the effective implementation of the Plan of Action of the Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism. In this respect, the principle of self-determination with respect to the remaining territories within the framework of the Programme of Action should be implemented in accordance with the wishes of the people consistent with UNGA resolutions and the Charter of the United Nations. 79. The Heads of State or Government called for the full implementation of relevant UNESCO resolutions and decisions relating to the restitution of cultural property of peoples formerly under colonial rule and urged the payment of applicable compensation. 80. In the context of the implementation of Resolution 1514 (XV), the Heads of State or Government reiterated that any attempt aimed at the partial or total disruption of the national unity and the territorial integrity of a country is incompatible with the purpose and principles of the Charter of the United Nations. Mercenaries 81. Deeply concerned at the criminal activities of international mercenaries, the Heads of State or Government condemned the practices of recruiting, financing, training, transit, use of supporting mercenaries as a violation of the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations. These endangered the national security of States, especially small States as well as the safety and stability of multi-ethnic States and impeded the exercise of the right of peoples of self-determination. They therefore urged adherence to the provisions of resolution 49/150 of UNGA; especially its call on States to consider the possibility of signing and ratifying the International Convention against recruitment, use, financing and training of mercenaries. Disarmament and International Security. 82. Matters related to disarmament, arms limitation and control and international security have acquired a totally new dimension with the disappearance of the East-West confrontation. Nuclear deterrent scenarios of the past are no longer relevant. In the post-Cold War ear there is no justification whatsoever, if there was ever any, to maintain nuclear arsenals and much less to add new ones as a continuation of the arms race. The time has come for the entire stockpiles of these deadly weapons of mass destruction to be destroyed once and for all. The non-proliferation regime will not be successful without a clear perspective on nuclear disarmament. They called for a renunciation of strategic doctrines based upon the use of nuclear weapons and called for the adoption of an action plan for elimination of all nuclear weapons, within a time-bound framework. They reiterated their belief that general and complete disarmament under effective international control remains the ultimate objective to be achieved for which a comprehensive, non-discriminatory and balanced approach towards international security should be adopted. 83. The Heads of State or Government reaffirmed their conviction that the new world environment offers today better opportunities for dealing effectively with all the problems related to disarmament and international security and promoting a more secure world, free of weapons of mass destruction. They continued to seek general and complete disarmament under effective international control as an ultimate objective to be attained within a specific time frame through the elimination of all nuclear arsenals and all other weapons of mass destruction as well as through gradual and balanced reductions of conventional arms. 84. They called on the conference on Disarmament to establish, on a priority basis, an ad-hoc committee to commence negotiations early in 1996 on a phased programme of nuclear disarmament and for the eventual elimination of nuclear weapons within a time-bound framework, as envisaged in paragraph 50 of the final document of the first special session of the U.N. General Assembly on disarmament and to this end they decided to introduce a draft resolution at the 50th session of the UNGA. 85. They expressed their concern at the limited and slow progress achieved in the negotiations aimed at reducing, and ultimately eliminating, nuclear arsenals pursuant to the objectives of general and complete disarmament. They urged all the other Nuclear Weapon States to join the ongoing efforts of the two countries possessing the largest nuclear weapons arsenals to speed up the process for the complete elimination of this category of arms. 86. The Heads of State or Government reiterated the seriousness and importance of eliminating weapons of mass destruction, and considered the establishment of nuclear-weapon free zones as necessary first step towards attaining this objective. They urged States to conclude agreements with a view to create nuclear weapon free zones in regions where they do not exist, in accordance with the provisions of the Final Document of SSOD-1. These nuclear-weapon free zones should extend to all territories forming part of each State in such zones in line with the territorial integrity of each such State. They welcomed with satisfaction the current consolidation process of the regime established by the Tlatelolco Treaty in Latin America and the Carribean region. They also welcomed the adoption by the OAU on June 23, 1995 of the Pelindaba Treaty on the establishment of an African Nuclear-Weapon Free Zone. they urged the support of the Nuclear-Weapon States of this treaty by inter alia acceding to the protocols that concern them as well as other regional treaties to ensure their success. They further encouraged the unification of the zones already created by the Tlatelolco, Ratoronga and the Antarctic Treaties, with the zone that will be established in Africa. They welcomed the unilateral declaration by Mongolia of its territory as a nuclear weapon free zone as a commendable contribution to regional stability and confidence building. 87. The Heads of State or Government reiterated their support for the establishment of the Middle East of a zone free of all weapons of mass destruction. To this end, the Heads of State or Government reaffirmed the need for the speedy establishment of a nuclear-weapons free zone in the Middle East in accordance with the relevant General Assembly resolutions adopted by consensus. They called upon all parties concerned to take urgent and practical steps towards the establishment of such a zone and, pending its establishment, they called on Israel to renounce possession of nuclear weapons, to accede to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) without delay, and to place promptly all its nuclear facilities under fullscope IAEA safeguards. They expressed great concern over the acquisition of nuclear capability by Israel which poses a serious and continuing threat to the security of neighbouring and other States and they condemned Israel for continuing to develop and stockpile nuclear arsenals. They further welcomed the initiative by H.E. Mohammed Hosni Mubarak, President of the Arab Republic of Egypt, on the establishment of a zone free from weapons of mass destruction in the Middle East. They believed that necessary steps should be carried out in different international fora for the establishment of this zone. They also called for the total and complete prohibition of the transfer of all nuclear-related equipment, information, material and facilities, resources or devices and the extension of assistance in the nuclear-related scientific and technological fields to Israel. 88. The Heads of State or Government noted with concern the growing restraint being placed on access to material, equipment and technology for peaceful uses of nuclear energy by the developed countries through imposition of ad-hoc export control regimes. These may impede the economic and social development of developing countries. They attached the greatest priority to the search for mechanisms that would ensure the transfer of technology and cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy with a view to giving effect to and strengthening the economic development policies of the Member Countries of the Movement. 89. They considered that while States continued to stockpile nuclear weapons, and the possibility of manufacturing and using such weapons existed, world tensions and the major threat to world peace would remain. In this context, they commended South Africa's decision to dismantle its nuclear weapons, to discontinue its entire nuclear-weapon program and to comply with international safeguards. 90. They firmly rejected all kinds of nuclear testing which are being carried our regardless of their serious environmental consequences and their contrary effects to peace, security and international stability. They strongly deplored the resumption and continuation of nuclear testing and called upon all the Nuclear Weapon States to act in a manner consistent with the negotiations and objectives of a comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty, and cease conducting any nuclear testing. They supported the total elimination of all nuclear testing without any exception. They welcomed the efforts to conclude negotiations on a Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) by 1996 and emphasized that any activity relating to further research and development on nuclear arsenals, or their production, would run contrary to the spirit of CTBT. They emphasized that the CTBT, to be meaningful in the context of a disarmament treaty must be considered an important step in the process leading to the complete elimination of all nuclear weapons within a specific time frame. 91. The Non-Aligned Countries Parties to the NPT took note that, at the time its extension was attained, the review process envisaged by the NPT every five years was not completed for the second consecutive time thus revealing major difficulties in the way of achieving universality of the Treaty. This adds to the doubts on the possibility of achieving mutually agreed priorities on nuclear disarmament issues. 92. Noting United Nations Security Council resolution 984(1995) which was adopted unanimously on April 11, 1995 as well as the declaration by the Nuclear Weapon States concerning both negative and positive security assurances, the Heads of State or Government urged further steps by the Nuclear Weapon States to assure Non-Nuclear Weapon States Party to the Treaty against the use of threat or use of nuclear weapons. These steps should take the form of an internationally legally binding instrument. 93. The Heads of State or Government to the NPT strongly deplored that the Nuclear Weapon States have not fulfilled up to now the obligations contained in Article VI of the NPT and reiterated the urgent need to achieve the total elimination of all existing nuclear weapons as a indispensable step towards general and complete disarmament under strict and efficient international control. They called for the determined pursuit by the Nuclear Weapon States of systematic and progressive efforts in this regard. They also urged the Nuclear Weapon States to end immediately the qualitative improvement, development and production of nuclear weapons. 94. The Heads of State or Government Parties to the NPT considered that it is essential that the Nuclear Weapon States show the necessary political will to accommodate the concerns of the Non-Nuclear Weapon States and to achieve mutually acceptable basis for universal disarmament that ensures beneficial peaceful utilization of nuclear energy. Towards the end, the Non-Aligned Movement supports the establishment of Nuclear Weapons Free Zones as well as the initiatives aiming at establishing zones free of all weapons of mass destruction. Particular importance should be attached to ensuring the exercise of the inalienable right of all Parties to the NPT to develop research , production and use of nuclear energy of peaceful purposes without discrimination. Undertakings to facilitate participation in the fullest possible exchange of equipment, materials and scientific and technological information for the peaceful uses of nuclear energy should be fully implemented. 95. Consistent with the decisions adopted by the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Non-Proliferation Treaty, the Heads of State or Government Parties to the NPT called upon all States and in particular, the Nuclear Weapon States to wholly fulfill their commitments. Namely: a) achievement of universality of the Treaty; b) the completion of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty before the end of 1996; c) the conclusion of legally binding instruments to assure the Non-nuclear Weapons States against the use of threat of use of nuclear weapons; d) the ban on fissile materials and other nuclear devices for weapon purposes; e) the elimination of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction; f) the establishment of nuclear free zones, and g) the unimpeded and non-discriminatory transfer of nuclear technology for peaceful purposes to all States Parties without exception. 96. They stressed that in accordance with the general conference resolution 388, the IAEA is invited to undertake its main activities, namely safeguards implementation and technical cooperation with the same emphasis. In this context, they also stressed the necessity to take into account the fundamental and structural changes that have taken place in the world nuclear community particularly with regard to the peaceful uses of nuclear energy in the different domains of socio-economic development. Therefore, they declared their conviction that Article VI of the IAEA statute should be amended, no later than the 40th anniversary of the agency, in order to expand the size and composition of the governing council with the aim of increasing its representativity and efficiency. They welcomed in this regard the formal proposal submitted by the Kingdom of Morocco (contained in document gov/rev1) with the objective of reaching a consensus on it at the 49th General Conference of IAEA. 97. They urged the negotiation of an international convention prohibiting the use of threat of use of nuclear weapons under any circumstances and took note of the Resolution 49/75K, "Request for an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice on the legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons", adopted by the General Assembly at its forty-ninth regular session. 98. The Heads of State or Government signatories to the Treaty took note of the work carried out by the Preparatory Committee of the Organization of the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) and expressed their concern at the lack of progress in its negotiations on various issues. These included the delay of major possessors of chemical weapons stockpiles to move towards ratifications and on Article 11 of the Convention relating to economic and technical cooperation in the chemical sector. These would entail negative implications for the future of the Chemical Weapons Convention, inter alia, on its effective implementation, universal adherence and timely coming into force. They there fore reiterated the need for active participation and a more coordinated position of Non-Aligned Countries signatory to the Chemical Weapons Convention in the meetings of the OPCW as well as in the course of the United Nations General Assembly sessions. Likewise, they called on the developed countries to promote international cooperation through the transfer of technology, material and equipment of peaceful purposes in the chemical field and removal of all existing multilateral as well as national discriminatory restriction that are contrary to the letter and spirit of the convention. 99. The Heads of State or Government took note of the continuing deliberations relating to the establishment of a verification mechanism for the Biological Weapons Convention. They emphasized that recent developments in the field of biotechnology are of crucial importance for the economic development of the Non-Aligned Countries, especially in sectors of agriculture and health. In this context, they called for the adoption of specific measures to ensure full and effective implementation of provisions of the convention on peaceful use and removal of all restrictions on transfer of material, equipment and technology for peaceful purposes to all States Parties without exception and reiterated that noting in the Convention shall be interpreted in a manner that would be used to impose any restrictions that commitments in this regard constitute an essential part of any voluntary verification regime. 100. The Heads of State or Government stressed the urgency of the need to curb the excessive production, development and buildup of conventional armaments, taking into account the legitimate requirement of States for self-defence and the specific characteristics of each region. In this context, they stressed that peaceful resolution of regional and inter-State disputes is essential for the creation of conditions which would enable States to divert their resources from armaments to economic growth and development. 101. While recognizing that there is also a significant imbalance in the production, possession and trade in conventional weapons between the industrialized and the Non-Aligned Countries, they called for a significant reduction in the production and possession of conventional weapons by the States with the largest arsenals with a view to enhancing international and regional peace and security. 102. They urged Sates in various regions of the world to negotiate agreements to promote greater balance in conventional armaments and restraints in production and acquisition of conventional arms and, where necessary, for their progressive and balanced reduction, with a view to enhancing international and regional peace and security. They opposed the unilateral and discriminatory measures imposed by some industrialized States to prevent the transfer and acquisition of defence material to Non-Aligned and other countries essential for their self-defence requirements. 103. The Heads of State or Government urged States to ensure an adequate body of national legislation to deal effectively with the problem of illicit transfer of arms. They called upon States to cooperate at international level in the exchange of information and possible ways and means to deal with the illicit traffic of weapons. 104. They also stressed the advisability of encouraging the adoption and effective application of measures for confidence-building and transparency at the global and regional levels. In the interest of effectively encouraging measures of this type, they considered it important that the operation of the United Nations Regional Centres for Disarmament and Development, which could play a unique role, be revitalized through effective and substantive programs. 105. The Heads of State or Government expressed serious concern over the indiscriminate use of anti-personnel mines in contravention of international humanitarian law which has caused civilian casualties on a large scale. They took note of the decision of several countries to adopt moratoria on the production of certain kinds of anti-personnel land-mines. They also took note of the results achieved recently at the Review Conference of the 1980 Convention on Prohibitions or Restriction on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons. They reiterated their support for the creation of the United Nations fund for the clearance of mines and called for the urgent provision of resources to the fund, particularly by the exporting countries of such devices. They expressed the hope that the resumed session of the Conference in Geneva would adopt additional measures concerning the prohibition and use of certain types of anti-personnel mines, as well as additional limitations and restrictions on the use of weapons covered under the convention, along with specific measures to ensure full and unimpeded access to material equipment and technology for mine clearance. 106. The Heads of State and Government noted that restrictions were being placed by developed countries on access to technology, though the imposition of non-transparent ad hoc export control regimes with exclusive membership, under the pretext of proliferation concerns. These tend to impede the economic and social development of the developing countries. In order to effectively tackle proliferation concerns, these expert control regimes need to be made transparent and able to distinguish between civilian and non-civilian applications of technologies. The Heads of State or Government emphasized that the requirements of rapid economic and social development necessitate the need for multilaterally negotiated, universal, comprehensive and non-discriminatory sensitive technology transfer agreements. They further stressed that States Parties possessing the relevant technologies should fully comply with their obligations deriving from the relevant international instruments such as NPT and CWC. They reiterated that all States have the right to be fully represented and participate in any arrangement which deal with the said undertakings. 107. They welcomed the establishment by the Non-Aligned Movement Coordinating Bureau in New York of a Working Group on Disarmament with the task of coordinating a common position on all issues related to disarmament, so as to enable the Movement to formulate a unified stance in pursuing general and complete disarmament under effective international control. 108. They supported the convening of the Fourth Special Session of the United Nations General Assembly Devoted to Disarmament, in 1997, that would offer an opportunity to review, from a perspective more in tune with the current international situation, the most critical aspects borne by the process of disarmament, and to mobilize the international community and the republic opinion in favour of the elimination of weapons of mass destruction and for the control and the reduction of conventional weapons. 109. The Heads of State or Government reiterated their concern over the fact that the arms race absorbs an important proportion of human, financial, material and technological resources in today's world, imposes a heavy burden on the economies of all countries, in particular Non-Aligned Countries and other developing countries, and affects international trade, financial and technological flows. Furthermore, they expressed concern over the dramatic contrast between world military expenditures and the impact of underdevelopment, with its sequel of misery and poverty affecting more than two thirds of humankind. The Heads of State or Government urged the international community to devote part of the resources made available by the implementation of disarmament and arms limitation agreements to economic and social development, with a view to reduce the ever widening gap between developed and developing countries. 110. The Heads of State or Government called for the expansion of the membership of the Conference on Disarmament at the earliest possible date and welcomed the recent statement of the Moroccan Chairman of the Conference on Disarmament on this issue. Indian Ocean. 111. They registered their satisfaction at the work being carried out by the Ad Hoc Committee on the Indian Ocean and called upon the Permanent Members of the Security Council and the major maritime users of the Indian Ocean to participate in the work of the Committee, in order to contribute to the strengthening of peace, security, stability and cooperation in the region in light of resolutions 48/82 and 49/82 of the General Assembly of the United Nations. Terrorism. 112. They expressed their great concern at the acts of terrorism and subversion which, under various pretexts and disguises, result in the most flagrant violation of human rights and seek destabilizing the prevailing constitutional order and political unity of sovereign States. 113. They welcomed with satisfaction the adoption by the General Assembly of the Declaration on Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism (UNGA Resolution 49/60) and urged that it be implemented. They reiterated their condemnation of all acts, methods and practices of terrorism, as they have adverse consequences inter alia on the economy and social development of States. They declared that terrorism affects also the stability of nations and the very basis of societies especially pluralistic societies. They also called for the urgent conclusion and the effective implementation of a comprehensive international convention for combating terrorism. 114. They further urged all States to cooperate to enhance international cooperation in the fight against terrorism wherever by whoever against whomever it occurs at the national, regional and international levels and to observe and implement the relevant international and bilateral instruments, taking into account the Final Document of the UN Conference on the Prevention of Crime held in Cairo in 1995. 115. They affirmed that criminal acts intended or calculated to provoke a state of terror in the general public; a group of persons or particular persons for whatever purposes are in any circumstances unjustifiable whatever the considerations of factors that may be invoked to justify them. 116. They reaffirmed that all States are under the obligation by the purposes and principles and other provisions of the Charter of the United Nations and other relevant international instruments, codes of conduct and other rules of international law to refrain from organizing, assisting of participating in terrorist acts in the territories of other States or acquiescing in or encouraging activities within the territories directed towards the commission of such acts including allowing the use of national territories and territories under their jurisdiction for planning and training for that purpose. The Heads of State or Government solemnly reaffirmed the unequivocal condemnation of any political, diplomatic, moral or material support to terrorism. 117. They reaffirmed the Movement's principled position under the international law on the legitimacy of struggle of peoples under colonial or alien domination and foreign occupation for national liberation and self-determination which did not constitute terrorism. 118. They called once again for the endorsement in principle of the call for the definition of terrorism to differentiate it from the legitimate struggle of peoples under colonial or alien domination and foreign occupation, for self-determination and national liberation. 119. They stressed the need to combat terrorism in all its forms and manifestations regardless of race, religion or nationality of the victims or perpetrators of terrorism. International Law. 120. The Heads of State or Government concurred that peace and harmony among nations and peoples require States to respect and promote the rule of law. for this reason, they committed themselves to conduct their external affairs based upon the obligations of international law. They agreed that only an international society governed by law could assure peace and security for all its members. 121. The Heads of State or Government reaffirmed the General Assembly resolution 44/23 and the strong support of the NAM; for the program of the United Nations Decade of International Law, including the recommendation of holding a Third International Peace Conference at the conclusion of the decade on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the First International Peace Conference which was held in The Hague. 122. Further progress is necessary to achieve full respect for international law and the International Court of Justice, and, inter alia, for promoting the peaceful settlements of disputes and a system of international criminal justice with respect to crimes against humanity as well as other international offences. 123. The Charter refers to the International Court of Justice as the Organization's principal judicial organ. The Security Council should make greater use of the World Court as a source of advisory opinions, and in controversial instances, using the World Court as a source of interpreting relevant international law and consider decisions to review by the World Court. 124. The Heads of State or Government emphasized that international law must be kept above the exigencies of politics. It is therefore essential to maintain autonomy of judicial organs being created. These organs must be separate from, and independent of, political organs of the United Nations, which cannot assume the role of a parallel or superior court of justice. 125. The Heads of State or Government emphasized that integrity of legal instruments adopted by Member States must be maintained. 126. With the conclusion of the Cold War many new areas of concern have emerged which warrant a renewal of commitment of the international community to uphold and defend the principles of the United Nations Charter and international law as well as a fuller utilization of the mechanism and means for the pacific settlement of disputes, as envisaged in the United Nations charter. 127. They recalled the initiative to proclaim at the forty-fourth session of the United Nations General Assembly the period of 1990-1999 as Decade of International Law, which was endorsed by the Ninth Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in Belgrade in 1989. Law of the Sea 128. The Heads of State or Government welcomed the entry into force of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the establishment of the International Seabed Authority in Jamaica. They urged countries that have not yet done so, to ratify the Convention and its implementing agreements. They reaffirmed that the Convention and the agreement represent significant achievements of the international community through multilateral efforts in creating a legal order for the seas and the oceans which will, inter alia, facilitate international communications, promote the peaceful uses of the seas and oceans, the equitable and efficient utilization of their resources, the conservation of their living sources, as well as the protection and preservation of the marine environment. Peaceful Settlement of Disputes. 129. They emphasized the need for a renewal of commitment by the international community to uphold and defend the principles of the U.N. Charter and international law as well as the means envisaged in the U.N. Charter for the pacific settlement of disputes. The role of the Movement in promoting a just international order would largely depend on its inner strength, unity and cohesion. It is therefore incumbent on all Member States to work earnestly towards promoting the solidarity and unity of the Movement. 130. To this end, the Heads of State or Government reiterated their decision to mandate the Coordinating Bureau to study further the question of a mechanism for peaceful settlement of disputes between Member States, including proposals made and positions expressed at the Summit and to report to the Committee on Methodology. CHAPTER II: ANALYSIS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SITUATION MIDDLE EAST Palestine 131. They reaffirmed their unflinching support for the legitimate struggle of the Palestinian people to secure their inalienable rights to self-determination and independence and reiterated their demand for the withdrawal of Israel from all occupied Palestinian and other Arab lands including Jerusalem. 132. They pointed out that the responsibility of the United Nations in this matter should continue until the Palestinian people exercise their inalienable right to self-determination, until an independent and sovereign State is established within its national territory, and until the problem of refugees is settled in conformity with human rights instruments and the relevant resolutions of the United Nations. They therefore insisted on the need for the General Assembly to reaffirm, at its fiftieth regular session, its position on the major aspects of a definitive peace settlement, including the status of Jerusalem, the illegal settlements and refugees. They regretted the decision by Israel to confiscate Palestinian land and property in Jerusalem as well as its attempts to alter the religious and historic character of the Holy City. In this respect, they reaffirmed all Security Council and General Assembly resolutions related to Jerusalem and considered the Israeli actions contrary to these resolutions as null and void. They voiced serious concern at the obstacles faced to implement the Agreement. They called for the full and scrupulous implementation of the Agreements, and in particular the provisions of Security Council resolutions 242, 338, 465 and 478. They underlined the need for the mechanism dealing with the issue of Palestine set up by the General Assembly to continue operating in an effective way. The Heads of State or Government expressed their support to the call made by the Jerusalem Committee, held in Ifrane, Morocco, 16-17 January 1995, to the U.N. Security Council, in particular the two co-sponsors of the Peace Conference to take the necessary measures to compel Israel to desist from carrying out any settlements and judaisation of the Holy City of Jerusalem and any geographic or demographic changes therein, and to comply with the agreement and conventions providing for the preservation of the Palestinian institutions and the Islamic and Christian holy sites in the Holy City of Jerusalem in implementation of relevant Security Council resolutions. 133. They expressed that the Declaration of Principles signed in Washington on 13 September 1993, the Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip of 20 September 1995 and the establishment of the Palestinian efforts taken by Palestine and Israel. 134. They considered that the arrangement relating to a Palestinian interim self-government should be widened quickly so that the Declaration of Principles is applied as rapidly as possible to the totality of occupied territories, with a view to giving effect to the inalienable right of the Palestinian people to self-determination and to the establishment of a Palestinian State. 135. In this context, they welcomed the conclusion of the Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip concluded in Taba, Egypt and signed in Washington by President Arafat and the Israeli Prime Minister as an important and substantial step towards the fulfilment of the national rights of the Palestinian people. They expressed the hope that further vigorous steps shall be taken for the complete Israeli withdrawal from all the Arab territories occupied in 1967 in order that comprehensive peace and common prosperity should prevail on the area. 136. They concurred with the Secretary-General of the United Nations that in order to sustain support for the Declaration of Principles and the Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, it will be essential to promote economic and social development in the occupied Palestinian territories. In this context, they called upon the participants of the Conference to Support Middle East Peace, which took place in Washington on 1 October 1993, to deliver the pledged assistance which is vital for the establishment of peace. 137. They also stressed the need for the full participation of Palestine in the Special Commemorative Meeting of the United Nations in New York under conditions and facilities applicable to Observer States of the United Nations at the meeting. The Peace Process 138. The Heads of State or Government reaffirmed their support for the peace process initiated at the Madrid Peace Conference of October 1991 which aims at achieving a comprehensive, just and lasting peace in the Middle East based on Security Council resolutions 242, 338 and 425 and the principle of land for peace which ensure the full Israeli withdrawal from Palestinian and other Arab occupied territories. 139. The Heads of State or Government noted with appreciation the commendable efforts exerted by the Syrian and Lebanese Government in order to open up possibilities for achieving progress in their full commitment to peace in the Middle East, and demanded that Israel totally withdraw from the occupied Syrian Golan and Lebanese territories, in implementation of relevant Security Council resolutions and in accordance with international law, and the principle of the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by force. 140. They took note of the Washington declaration of 25 July 1994, signed by Jordan and Israel, which put an end to the state of belligerency between them and opened the way for the return of occupied Jordanian territories and the restitution of the right to the water resources, thereby contributing to the normalization of relations. They also welcomed the conclusion of the Jordan-Israel Treaty of Peace of 26 October 1994, which in their view constitutes a transcendental step toward the achievement of a comprehensive, just and lasting peace in the Middle East. 141. They considered that all the measures and actions adopted by Israel, the occupying power, such as its illegal decision of 14 December 1981 that purport to alter the status of the occupied Syrian Golan, are null and void, constitute a flagrant violation of international law and the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 and have no legal effect. They called upon Israel to comply with Security Council resolution 497 (1981) and to withdraw fully from the occupied Syrian Golan, to the lines of 4 June 1967, in implementation of Security Council resolutions 242 and 338. 142. They reiterated the principle that the acquisition or control of land or maritime areas by force is inadmissible, contradicts the principles of international law, and does not generate any rights. Lebanon 143. They urged full respect for the independence sovereignty and territorial integrity of Lebanon and condemned the Israeli occupation of the southern part of its territory and the western valley of Bekaa and support efforts, inter alia, directed towards the liberation of these territories. They reaffirmed the need for a speedy and unconditionally implementation of Security Council resolution 425 (1978) as a prerequisite for the peace and security of the region, and the release of all Lebanese detainees in Israili camps. EUROPE Bosnia-Herzegovina 144. The Heads of State or Government condemned the acts of aggression, genocide and ethnic cleansing against the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina and its population. They welcomed the Contact Group Peace initiative and the Agreed Basic Principles concluded in Geneva on 8 September 1995, as well as the arrangement concluded in New York on 26 September 1995. They emphasized, in this respect, that the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina, within its internationally recognized borders, must be preserved. They also emphasized that the peace process should ensure the return of all populated areas seized through the use of force in pursuit of the policy of ethnic cleansing. They welcomed the commitment by members of the International Contact Group on Bosnia that Sarajevo must be maintained as an indivisible and unified city. In this context, the Heads of State or Government demanded that the siege of Sarajevo be immediately ended. They stressed that the cultural and religious plurality of Bosnia-Herzegovina should be preserved and that the federation of Bosnians and Croats should be supported. They reaffirmed that there must be an international guarantee for the protection of human rights, democratic elections, freedom of movement, the right of refugees to return to their homes and emphasized that the appropriate measures should be taken to ensure the follow-up on the work of the International War Crimes Tribunal in The Hague. 145. The Heads of State or Government emphasized the need for the Security Council to implement fully its resolutions and decisions relating to Bosnia-Herzegovina. They underlined that the role of the United Nations in Bosnia should be maintained and consolidated and that the United Nations must undertake overall supervision of all activities carried out for the purpose of peace implementation-enforcement in Bosnia. They asserted that the government of the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina must not be deprived of its inherent right to self-defence and that if the ongoing peace process collapses, the arms embargo must be lifted. 146. The Heads of State or Government welcomed the Joint Ministerial Meeting of the Fine Nations Group and the OIC Contact Group at Paris, on 7 September, initiated by His Majesty King Hassan II of Morocco, as well as the New York meeting of the two Contact Groups on September 28, 1995. In this respect, they reiterated their full support to the cooperation initiated between the two contact groups in order to ensure the success of current peace efforts in Bosnia-Herzegovina. They also expressed the hope that the Joint Ministerial Meeting of the two Contact Groups, due to be held soon, will constitute a decisive step in the dynamic of peace and in their collective efforts for a just, equitable, and lasting settlement of this conflict. 147. The Heads of State or Government expressed their appreciation and support to the initiative taken by His Excellency President Soeharto of Indonesia and Chairman of the Non-Aligned Movement in his efforts to contribute to the peace process and to explore all possible avenues for achieving a comprehensive, just and lasting solution to the conflicts of the States in the former Yugoslavia. They stressed the need for the Non-Aligned Movement to continue to contribute to the peace process. Cyprus 148. The Heads of State or Government reaffirmed all previous positions and declarations of the Non-Aligned Movement on the Question of Cyprus and expressed deep concern over the fact that no progress has been achieved in the search for a just and viable solution. They reiterated their support for the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of the Republic of Cyprus, and their solidarity with the people and the Government of Cyprus. They called once again for the withdrawal of all occupation forces, and settlers, the return of the refugees to their homes in safe conditions, the restoration of the human rights of all Cypriots and the accounting of those missing. Proceeding from the position that the present status quo in Cyprus, created and maintained by the use of force, is unacceptable, they stressed the need for securing compliance with and implementation of all United Nations resolutions on Cyprus. To that end, they further stressed the need that the Security Council should take resolute action and the necessary measures, including the holding on an International Conference and steps for the demilitarization of Cyprus, as proposed by the President of Cyprus. Furthermore, expressing their concern at the continuing lack of political will on the part of the Turkish side, as confirmed in the report of the United Nations Secretary-General (Document S/1994/629, dated 30 May, 1994), they reaffirmed their support for the United Nations Secretary-General's efforts for a just and workable solution, as provided in Security Council resolution 939(1994) for a bizonal and bicommunal federation, with a single sovereignty, citizenship and international personality and with political equality as described in the relevant resolutions of the Security Council. In this respect, they decided to request the contact group of the Non-Aligned Countries to actively follow and support the United Nations efforts for the solution of the Cyprus problem. Security in the Mediterranean 149. The Heads of State or Government reviewed the developments that occurred in the Mediterranean region since the Jakarta Summit and recalled the Ministerial Meetings of the Mediterranean Non-Aligned Countries held in Valetta in 1984, in Brioni in 1987 and in Algiers in 1989. They reaffirmed their determination to pursue their initiatives aimed at promoting comprehensive and equitable cooperation in the region. The Heads of State or Government expressed their support to the initiatives of the Mediterranean countries in their efforts to adopt effective measures to promote confidence-and-security-building and stability in their region by the elimination of all causes of tension and the consequent threat to peace and security. 150. They recalled that during the past twenty five years Mediterranean members of the Movement have shown a disposition to promote and enhance security and cooperation in the Mediterranean region in the formulation of proposals which have been tabled at the U.N. and other regional organizations. In this context, the Heads of State or Government reiterated their full support to the efforts aimed at the reactivation of the Group 5+5 which constitutes a concrete and important contribution to a comprehensive approach for Mediterranean cooperation and security. They also reiterated their support to the proposal to convene a CSCM. In this regard they recalled the Algerian proposal of May 1972 calling for the convening of such a meeting. The Heads of State or Government welcomed the initiative of H.E. President Mohammed Hosni Mubarak of Egypt for the establishment of a Mediterranean forum. They took note of the meetings held in Egypt and Malta for enhancing Mediterranean cooperation. They welcomed the call made by the European Parliament in June 1993 by H.E. President Zune El Abidine BEN ALI, President of the Republic of Tunisia, in favour of a European-Mediterranean Conference. They further welcomed the proposal of H.M King Hassan II of Morocco of the CSCE Ministerial Meeting in Rome in December 1993, to host a Ministerial Meeting on security and cooperation in the Mediterranean. They also welcomed the initiative by Malta to set up a council of the Mediterranean and took note of its proposal in March 1995 for a Stability Pact for the Mediterranean. The Heads of State or Government welcomed the convening, in November 1995, of the IPU Second Conference on Security and Co-operation in the Mediterranean to be held in Malta. 151. The Heads of State or Government welcomed the convening of the Euro-Mediterranean conference to be held in Barcelona on November 1995. In this context, they took note of the results of the Ministerial Meeting of the Mediterranean forum held at Tabarka, Tunisia, in July 1995 and the meeting of the Arab-Mediterranean countries held on the initiative of Algeria, in Alpeis in September 1995, in preparation for the Euro-Med conference. The Heads of State or Government affirmed that such Conferences would benefit from the participation of all Mediterranean States as part of the process of strengthening cooperation in the region. 152. The Heads of State or Government stressed that respect for the right of self-determination, elimination of foreign occupation and foreign bases, non-intervention and non-interference in the internal affairs and respect for sovereignty of States are prerequisite for the establishment of peace and security in the region. 153. The Heads of State or Government took note of the efforts of the Non-Aligned Mediterranean countries to strengthen further their cooperation in facing terrorist activities which pose a serious threat to peace, security and stability in the region and therefore to the improvement of the current political, economic and social situation. AFRICA Rwanda 154. They commended the continued efforts of the Government of Rwanda to return the country to normalcy. They expressed grave concern over the instability in the region caused by the possession of illegal weapons by the perpetrators of genocide and they vehemently condemned those countries that support them politically as well as militarily. 155. They called for the separation of the perpetrators of genocide from the innocent refugees held hostage in most of the camps and urged the disarmament of those perpetrators under the auspices of the High Commissioner for Refugees and the OAU in order to facilitate voluntary repatriation of the refugees in conformity with resolutions taken at the Nairobi Summit and the decisions of the Bujumbura Conference as well as those of the various tripartite Agreements signed between the High Commissioner for Refugees and countries in the region. 156. They urged the Movement to condemn the perpetrators of genocide and insisted that they be brought to trial and that resolutions adopted ad hoc in the United Nations Security Council be implemented. To this end, they requested that the International Tribunal be made operational. 157. They invited the international community to assist Rwanda in its reconstruction process and the donors to honour the commitments they undertook at the Donors Round Table in Geneva. 158. They welcomed the call by the main body of the OAU for the Prevention, Management and the Settlement of Conflicts, which met in Tunisia on 20 April 1995, and in particular its call for convening an international conference on the rehabilitation and the reconstruction of the region. Burundi 159. They urged all the parties to promote reconciliation, under the Coalition Government that was established by the Government Convention of 10 September 1994, and to persevere in the path of peace and economic and social development and have strongly recommended to all signatories of the Government Convention, that is, the President of the Republic, the Prime Minister and the political parties, that they comply with it faithfully and effectively, given that they have adopted it as a basis for power-sharing, joint administration and co-responsibility within the Burundi State apparatus. They have insisted on the need to disarm all terrorist groups holding illegal weapons mainly in the Great Lakes region, where they are laying waste to the land and seriously jeopardizing peace and security. They have engaged the state of origin and asylum in negotiations in order to secure the rapid and voluntary repatriation of unarmed refugees and the removal from common border areas of exiles who refuse to return home, in accordance with international conventions on refugees. They emphasized the importance of implementing the Program of Action adopted by the Conference on assistance to refugees, returnees and displaced persons in the Great Lakes region, held from 14 - 17 February 1995 in Bujumbura (Burundi). They also renewed their urgent call to the international community to deliver in a timely fashion its assistance to the Government and people of Burundi. They have energetically condemned the self-styled "Democratic" radio station for its inflammatory programmes inciting the people of Burundi to commit genocide, in the footsteps of Rwanda's Mille Collines radio television. They have strongly supported the urgent appeal made official and jointly by the President and Prime Minister of Burundi to the Secretary General of the United Nations and to the international community to have this station silenced and dismantled. 160. They commended the efforts undertaken by the Government of Burundi with a view to achieving national reconciliation. They underlined the initiatives undertaken by the leaders of the subregion, the OAU, as well as the recent goodwill missions of the Security Council and the humanitarian assistance offered to the Government of Burundi to overcome its difficulties. They have given due recognition to the positive role of the OAU and UN as mediators in Burundi, and have urged these two international organizations to pursue their respective and complementary missions for the restoration of peace, security and harmony among political leaders and the people of Burundi as a whole. Further, they have noted with interest the appointment by the U.N. Security Council of an International Judicial Enquiry Commission in Burundi. They have urged it to fulfil its noble mission objectively and impartially, and to identify and locate those responsible for the assassination of President Melchior Ndadaye and the massacre of tens of thousands of innocent citizens since October 1993. They called once again upon the international community to intensify the support given to the Government of Burundi in its efforts to achieve national reconciliation and the stabilization of the country. Somalia 161. They emphasized the positive developments in Somalia, especially the conclusion of the peace accord on 21 February 1995, and the agreement reached between the different factions subsequent to the withdrawal of UNICOM II concerning the control of the facilities in the maritime ports and airports. Nevertheless, they wished to express their concern about the fact that the Somali problem has not yet been resolved and that the country continues to be without a central government. They reiterated that the solution to the Somali problem resides in the hands of the Somali people and urged its leaders to achieve a lasting peace and the stability of the country with the necessary political will to bring about lasting peace and stability in their country. They also noted with appreciation the efforts of the Organization of African Unity and in particular the neighbouring countries in finding solutions to the Somali problem. 162. They entrusted the Non-Aligned Task Force to remain seized of the situation in Somalia. They also stressed the important role of the Organization of African Unity, League of Arab States and Organization of Islamic Conference in the efforts to assist the Somali people in restoring peace, stability and national reconciliation. They called upon the international community to provide humanitarian and rehabilitation assistance to the people of Somalia, and expressed their confidence that the Somalia are conducive for the carrying out of humanitarian activities. Libya. 163. They urged the Security Council to lift the air embargo and the other measures imposed on Libya, in response to the decisions and resolutions adopted by regional organizations on the dispute of Libya with France, the United Kingdom and the United States. They expressed their solidarity with Libya and called upon the other concerned countries to respond positively to the initiatives calling for dialogue and negotiations that would lead to an acceptable solution for the parties. They expressed their deep concern for the human and material losses suffered by the Libyan Arab people and the neighbouring countries as a result of the sanctions imposed pursuant to the Security Council resolutions 748 (1992) and 883 (1993). They affirmed that the escalation of the crisis, the threat of imposing additional sanctions and the use of force as a mean of conducting relations among States, constitutes a violation of the United Nations Charter and of the principles of the Non-Aligned Movement as well as the international law and norms. They called upon the three concerned Western countries to respond to the positive initiative calling for dialogue and negotiations and for a just and fair trial of the two suspects in a neutral country to be agreed upon by all parties unless the Western countries concerned respond to the request of regional organizations, the proposals for the peaceful settlement of the crisis, and the flexibility shown by the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, the States Members of the Non-Aligned Movement will not be able to continue to abide by the sanctions resolutions, especially that these resolutions have caused not only the Libyan people, but also several peoples of States Members of the Non-Aligned Movement great human and economic loss. Western Sahara. 164. The Heads of State or Government noted the latest developments in resolving the question of Western Sahara and reiterated the support of the Movement for the efforts of the United Nations to organize and supervise an impartial, free and fair referendum in accordance with the Settlement Plan and with United Nations Security Council resolutions. Sierra Leone. 165. They observed with concern the serious problems faced by Sierra Leone due to continued armed conflict in the country, particularly the suffering of civilians, the internally displaced, and those forced to flee the country as refugees. The country is already experiencing famine caused by the protracted conflict. They emphasized that peace, including at the regional level, lies at the heart of the definitive settlement of the problem in Sierra Leone. They called upon the international community to redouble diplomatic efforts to resolve the crisis and to increase its economic, material, and technical assistance to Sierra Leone, especially to the civilian population affected by the war. Liberia. 166. They welcomed the recent positive developments in Liberia as a result of the signing of the Abuja Accords and the induction into office of the Council of State of the Liberia National Transitional Government (LNTG), consisting of leaders of the parties to the conflict. They expressed their conviction that the full implementation of the Accords will lead to a final resolution to the conflict and called upon the new Liberian leadership to work cooperatively for the attainment of peace, national reconciliation and the restoration of stability in the country. They paid tribute to the Member States of ECOWAS and other African countries for the many sacrifices they continue to make in the search for a lasting peace in Liberia and commended the contribution being made by the OAU and the United Nations in support of the ECOWAS initiative. They endorsed the OAU resolution which called on the international community to recognize and give full faith and credence to the current Liberian National Transitional Government and its successors. They also called upon the International Community to continue to provide Liberia with the required assistance for the repatriation and resettlement of its refugees, as well as to contribute to the United Nations Trust Fund for Liberia. 167. In this connection, they noted that the Secretary General of the United Nations and the Chairman of the ECOWAS will shortly convene a Pledging Conference on Liberia at the United Nations Headquarters aimed at raising funds to assist ECOWAS achieve its mandate as well as facilitate the demobilization and rehabilitation of combatants and the reconstruction of Liberia. They called upon the international community to fully participate in the conference and provide the necessary material and financial support so that the above-mentioned objectives may be fully achieved. Angola. 168. They welcomed the positive advances made in the implementation of the provisions of the Lusaka Protocol, with a view to the restoration of peace and stability in Angola. They urged the Security Council to implement what has been agreed upon resolution 976 (1995), which provides for the dispatch of military components of UNAVEM III, since the conditions for their deployment are now propitious. They exhorted Member States to give a positive response to the call made by the Secretary General to contribute to the full implementation of the Lusaka Protocol. They commended the resolution by the Angolan National Assembly to review the constitution with a view to granting to Mr Jonas Savimbi, the UNITA's leader, one of the post of the vice-president of the Republic and called upon both parties to honour the compromises subscribed by them in the Lusaka Protocol so that peace and stability can be instaured in Angola. They commended the Geneva Conference on Humanitarian Assistance to Angola and the Brussels Round Table on the National Programme for Community Rehabilitation and Reconciliation and called upon the international community to provide the pledged funds on a predictable and timely basis. South Africa 169. The Heads of State or Government extended their heartfelt welcome and congratulations to South Africa on its return to the community of nations when it joined the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries at the Ministerial Conference in Cairo in July 1994. They emphasized the fundamental role that the Movement played from the beginning of the struggle against the racist regime of South Africa. They paid a warm and special tribute to President Mandela for his untiring struggle and capacity to lead his people, and his country peacefully towards democracy under a Government of National Unity. They also commended the people of South Africa for their role in overcoming the legacy of apartheid and in the reconstruction of their nation under new non-racial and politically pluralist realities. Mayotte. 170. They reiterated the unquestionable sovereignty of the Islamic Federal Republic of the Comoros over the island of Mayotte, as well as the fulfilment of the commitments acquired prior to the referendum of 22 December 1974 regarding respect for the unity and territorial integrity of the Comoros. They urged the Government of France to accelerate the process of negotiations with a view to ensuring the effective and early return of the island of Mayotte to the Comoros, in accordance with United Nations General Assembly resolution 49/18 of 6 December 1994, and other resolutions adopted by the General Assembly on this matter. Chargos Archipelago 171. The Heads of State or Government reiterated the support of the Non-Aligned Movement to the sovereignty of Mauritius over the Chagos Archipelago, including Diego Garcia, and called on the former colonial power to pursue the dialogue with the Government of Mauritius for the early return of the Archipelago. In this respect, they noted with satisfaction the initiation of certain confidence-building measures by the two parties. ASIA The situation between Irak and Kuwait 172. The Heads of State or Government reviewed the situation between Irak and Kuwait and emphasized that all Member States in the Movement are committed to respect the sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of both Kuwait and Irak. They also emphasized that the full implementation of all relevant Security Council resolutions constitutes the means of establishing peace, security and stability in the region. In this respect, the Heads of State or Government stressed the importance of Irak to complete its implementation of all relevant Security Council resolutions. The Heads of State of Government noted the work of the Tripartite Committee in Geneva under the auspices of the International Committee of the Red Cross - ICRC to solve the problems of all prisoners / detainees and missing persons of Kuwait and third country nationals. They stressed the importance of the speedy solution of the problems in accordance with the Final Documents of the Jakarta Summit. They further stressed the need to resolve the issue of all persons missing in action by means of serious and sincere cooperation with the ICRC to reach a solution of this issue. The Heads of State or Government noted the progress in the work of the Special Commission - UNSCOM and the IDEA in Irak in order to implement the provision of Section C of the Security Council resolution 687. In the light of latest reports available, the Heads of State or Government urged Irak to comply fully with the requirement to provide complete information on all its armaments called for in the context of relevant Security Council resolutions and to totally cooperate with UNSCOM. They reviewed the issue of human suffering in Irak and positively noted the resolution recently adopted by the Security Council on this matter which constitutes an important step. Turkey-Irak 173. They rejected the violation of the territorial integrity of Irak committed by Turkey forces, which on the pretext of fighting guerrilla groups located inside Iraki territory, trespassed the established boundaries between the two States. They repudiated the so-called "hot pursuit" invoked by Turkey to violate Iraki territory. Such a practice, alien to international law, is the reflection of an outdated interventionist policy based on the use of force which in many cases responds to domestic problems which have not been resolved through dialogue and conciliation. Korean Peninsula 174. The Heads of State or Government expressed their concern over the fact that the Korean Peninsula is still divided in spite of the desire and aspirations of the Korean people and reaffirmed their support for the efforts of the Korean people to reunite their homeland based on the principles set forth in the North-South Joint Statement of 4 July 1972 as well as the Agreement concluded in February 1992. They noted the importance of guaranteeing a durable peace and security in the Korean Peninsula for the sake of the common prosperity of the Korean people as well as the peace and security of North East Asia and the rest of the world. They expressed the hope that the nuclear issue in the Korean peninsula, given its political and military nature, should be resolved by peaceful means through dialogue and negotiations among all the parties concerned and full implementation of the Geneva Agreed Framework and the Kuala Lumpur Statement between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the United States of America and other agreed relevant documents, taking into account the need for continued cooperation with the IAEA. Afghanistan 175. They called upon all States to respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Islamic State of Afghanistan and to refrain from interfering in its internal affairs. They expressed their concern over the prolongation of hostilities in the Islamic State of Afghanistan. Nevertheless, they wished to encourage the steps taken toward national reconciliation in accordance with the provisions contained in General Assembly resolution 49/140 of December 1994, and the considerable efforts undertaken by the special envoy of the Secretary General of the United Nations for Afghanistan and the efforts by the Secretary General of the OIC and its Special Representative. They were convinced that Afghanistan's problems can only be resolved by the Afghans themselves in a sovereign way. They reiterated the role of the international community is to assist its people in the attainment of peace and to participate actively and generously in the reconstruction of Afghanistan and increase the humanitarian and financial aid for the speedy, voluntary and safe return, in conditions of security and dignity, of Afghan refugees to their homeland. Turkmenistan 176. They welcomed Turkmenistan as a new member of NAM and expressed their support and full understanding of the commitment of Turkmenistan to play a constructive peaceful role in providing stability and mutual understanding between the States on the basis of the principle of positive neutrality. They expressed their hope that the Turkmenistan initiatives will receive the support of all members of UN and the international community. South-East Asia 177. The Heads of State or Government recognized the role of ASEAN in maintaining peace, stability and prosperity in the region as well as in enhancing cooperation in the wider Asia-Pacific. They hailed the progress made in promoting dialogue and cooperation for peace and security in South-East Asia through the ASEAN regional forum which at its inaugural meeting in Bangkok last year endorsed the purpose and principles of ASEAN's treaty of Amity and Cooperation in South-East Asia. In this regard, they welcomed the result of the Second Meeting of ASEAN Regional Forum held in Bandar Seri Begawan on 1 August 1995 which has set as basis for its future work aimed at facilitating open dialogue and discussion on political and security issues of common interest and concern in the Asia-Pacific region. This second ARF meeting was considered a further step in an evolutionary process aimed at enhancing political and security cooperation in the region, including through the promotion of confidence-building measures, development of preventive diplomacy and elaboration of approaches to conflict resolution. 178. They welcomed the progress being made in ASEAN's continuing endeavours to realize the Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality in South East Asia - ZOPFAN. Likewise, they noted with satisfaction the advances made towards the establishment of a nuclear weapon free zone in the region as an essential component of ZOPFAN. 179. The Heads of State or Government emphasized the need to resolve all sovereignty and jurisdictional disputes concerning the South China Sea by peaceful means without resort to force and urged all parties to exercise restraint with a view to creating a positive climate for the eventual resolution of all contentious issues. They expressed concern over recent developments that may lead to a deterioration of peace and stability in the region. In this context the Heads of State or Government supported the principles contained in both the 1992 ASEAN Declaration on the South China Sea and the 1995 ASEAN Statement on the recent development in the South China Sea and stressed the need for the full implementation of such principles by all the parties concerned. They expressed the hope that all concerned will refrain from further actions that may undermine peace, stability, trust and confidence in the region, including possibly undermining the freedom of navigation and aviation in affected areas. They likewise urged the claimants to address the issue in various bilateral and multilateral fora and in this regard, they reiterated the significance of promoting all types of confidence-building measures among all parties. To this end, they welcomed the Indonesian initiative in sponsoring the workshop on managing the potential conflict in the South China Sea and other measures launched by the concerned parties in the region to enhance cooperation and to ensure the peaceful settlement of all outstanding questions. LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Ibero-American Summit 180. The took note of the agreements reached within the framework of the Fifth Ibero-American Summit, held in Bariloche, Argentina. Association of Caribbean States 181. They expressed their satisfaction at the entry into force of the Constitutive Agreement of the Association of Caribbean States, an organization established to promote consultation, coordination and cooperation and concerted action for the sustained cultural, economic, social, scientific and technological development of the States of the region. They recognized that the Declaration of Principles and Plan of Action in Tourism, Trade and Transportation adopted at the Inaugural Summit held in Port of Spain in August 1995 represented an important step towards the achievement of the goals of the Association. Haiti 182. They noted with special satisfaction the return of President Hean-Bertrand Aristide to his country and the reastablishment of democracy in a spirit of national reconciliation. In taking note of the establishment of UNMIH, they emphasized the need for the international community to offer Haiti the technical, economic and financial cooperation that is urgently required for its material reconstruction. They considered that country depends fundamentally upon the rapacity on the international community to contribute to its economic and social development. Cuba 183. The Heads of State or Government called upon the Government of the United States of America to put an end to the economic, commercial and financial measures and actions against Cuba which, in addition to being unilateral and contrary to the United Nations Charter and international law, and to the principle of neighbourliness, cause huge material losses and economic damage. They called upon the United States of America to settle its differences with Cuba through negotiations on the basis of equally and mutual respect, and requested strict compliance with resolutions 47/19, 48/16 and 49/9 of the General Assembly of the United Nations. They expressed deep concern about new legislation presented to the Congress of the United States that would intensify the embargo against Cuba and widen its extraterritorial nature. They also urged the Government of the United States to return the territory now occupied by the Guantanamo Naval base to Cuban sovereignty and to put an end to aggressive radio and TV transmissions against Cuba. Puerto Rico 184. In the context of their commitment to self-determination, the Heads of State or Government, reaffirmed the inalienable right of the Puerto Rican people to self-determination and independence in conformity with Resolution 1514 (XV) of the UNGA. CENTRAL AMERICA 185. The Heads of State or Government took note of the important progress made by the peoples and governments of Central American countries toward the implementation of the commitment undertaken by the Central American president under the :Procedures for the Establishment of a Firm and Lasting Peace in Central America", approved in Esquipulas II, Guatemala (1987), and the subsequent Summit meetings. 186. They recognized that there can be not peace in Central America without sustainable development or democracy, which are fundamental objectives for the fulfilment of the aspiration of the Central American Countries so that Central America could constitute itself in a region of peace, liberty, democracy and sustainable development. They called upon the international community to continue supporting these efforts with a view to consolidating peace and the strategy of sustainable development in the Central American region. 187. They welcomed the efforts of the Central American countries in promoting economic growth in the framework of human development, as well as for the progress achieved in strengthening the Central American system of integration and called upon the international community for their continued support. El Salvador 188. The Heads of State or Government recognized with satisfaction the ongoing evolution of El Salvador from a country riven by conflict into a democratic and peaceful nation. They also welcomed the continued commitment of the government and people of El Salvador to the consolidation of the peace process. 189. They further expressed their support to General Assembly resolution 49/21 J "Assistance for the reconstruction and development of El Salvador", whereby all States, and international financial and development institutions are requested to continue to contribute to the consolidation of peace in El Salvador, urging them to respond swiftly and generously to the joint efforts by the signatories of the peace accord, to put together the resources needed to fully implement said accords, and other priority development programmes conducive to the establishment of a strong and lasting peace in El Salvador. Guatemala 190. They took note with satisfaction of the latest agreements reached between the Government of Guatemala and the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Union (URNG), and expressed the hope that the final Peace Agreement will be signed during the current year. They stressed their appreciation for the valuable contribution of the United Nations to the peace process in Guatemala. 191. They expressed the hope that Guatemala and Belize will resume and successfully conclude their negotiations at the earliest, in order to find a definitive settlement to the dispute. Nicaragua 192. The Heads of State or Government took note of the efforts made by the Government of Nicarague to promote a broad national reconciliation as the best means to consolidate peace, national reconciliation, democracy and sustainable development with social justice. They also expressed their support to the General Assembly Resolution 49/16, of November 17, 1994, "International Assistance for the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of Nicarague : Aftermath of the War and Natural Disasters", where the exceptional circumstances faced by Nicarague have been acknowledged. 193. They further noted the advances of the Government of Nicarague in promoting in a sustained manner its economic reactivation, social investment and development programs and to this end they called for the support of financial organizations and the international community. Panama 194. They noted with satisfaction the significant progress made in the implementation of the 1977 Panama Canal Treaty and the Treaty concerning the Permanent Neutrality and Operation of the Panama Canal, known as the Torrijos-Carter Treaties, between the Republic of Panama and the United States of America. These treaties assure the effective exercise of the jurisdiction and sovereignty of Panama over its entire territory, and will culminate in the full transfer to Panama of the Canal and its installations at noon on 31 December 1999, through a smooth transition process currently undertaken by both countries. 195. The Heads of State or Government recognized the importance of access to the Canal for world trade and shipping, as well as the adequate management of its water basin. They made a fervent call upon States to consider their adherence to the Protocol to the Treaty which declares the permanent neutrality of the interoceanic way. 196. They expressed their solidarity with the plans of the Government of Panama to hold a Universal Congress on the Panama Canal in September 1997, with the participation of governments, international organizations, public and private academic institutions, maritime users and international transport companies to jointly examine the role of the Panama Canal in the 21st century, on the basis of the full respect for the territorial integrity, sovereignty and under control of the Republic of Panama, and urged the specialized organisms and other organizations and programs of the United Nations system to collaborate with the Government of Panama in this objective. Guyana-Venezuele Controversy 197. The Heads of State or Government noted the continuation of the Guyana-Venezuela controversy. They also noted the state of relations between the countries and expressed their satisfaction at the progress being made to reach a peaceful solution, through the good offices of the Secretary-General of the United Nations and his special representative. They reaffirmed the need for the parties to continue the process of dialogue with a view to finding a final settlement, based on the establishment principles of international law and the Geneva Agreement of 1966. CHAPTER III : ECONOMIC ISSUES The new Context of International Economic Cooperation 198. Upon examining the evolution of the international economic situation since the Jakarta Summit in 1992, the Heads of State or Government observed that though there have been signs of progress in some countries, no indications can be seen pointing to a rapid and solid recovery of the world economy. They also noted that some of the positive trends observed in the developing countries in the last years, with respect to economic growth rates, increase in trade and foreign investment, as well as certain relief in the external depth problem, have only been experienced by a small group of countries. They concluded that the expectations for a more just, non-discriminatory and equitable international economic order have not been fulfilled. 199. The Heads of State or Government noted that the end of the Cold War, as well as the increased interdependence and globalization of the international economy, are giving rise to new tensions, imbalances and stagnation, and to the increasing marginalization of the large majority of developing countries. The gap between rich and poor countries continues to widen. Instabilities spread more quickly from one country to another, particularly to developing countries, which are now more vulnerable and sensitive to external factors. The liberalization and globalization of financial markets have turned into a source of colatility and imbalances. 200. The Heads of State or Government were concerned about the implications of the new priorities of the developed countries favouring the economies in transition and trading blocks in the North, while many of the countries of the Movement continue to be burdened by economic stagnation and social backwardness. 201. The Heads of State or Government acknowledged at the same time that the post Cold War era offers opportunities and challenges for the dialogue on international economic cooperation. They reiterated their decision to place development, with special attention to economic growth and the eradication of poverty, as a priority issue on the agenda of the Movement. 202. This will require greater coordination among the developing countries to enhance their capacity of action and approach new problems with an integrated vision. The Movement, while subscribing to the values of environmental protection, labour standards, intellectual property, sound macro-economic management and promotion and protection of human rights, rejects all attempts to use these issues as conditionalities and pretexts for restricting market access or aid and technology flows to developing countries. 203. The Heads of State or Government emphasized that international cooperation for development must be oriented toward creating a more favourable and dynamic international economic environment, a necessary condition to facilitate the efforts of Non-Aligned Countries and other developing countries in their struggle to eradicate poverty, attain economic and social progress and achieve conditions of sustained economic growth and sustainable development. In order to achieve this aim, they reaffirmed the need to implement, as adopted and as a matter of priority, the agreements contained in the main international conferences in the area of development. They reiterated that those agreements should be implemented in a coherent and integrated manner. 204. The decision-making processes and mechanisms prevailing in international institutions in addressing the major issues of the world economy do not incorporate the developing countries nor take into account their interests and concerns. The need for the democratization of international economic relations is more urgent that ever. The Heads of State or Government reiterated the need for such democratization and transparency in international economic and financial decision-making in all fora and at so as to ensure that their development interests will be fully taken into account. 205. The changes in the configuration of international economic institutions in the last years have produced debilitating effects on the most universal and representative organizations such as the United Nations, generating additional disadvantages against the developing countries and reducing even further their capability of influencing the major decision-making organs. 206. On the occasion of the 50th Anniversary of the founding of the United Nations, the Movement acknowledges the role played by the United Nations in providing a universal, democratic and in-depth perspective on international cooperation for development and contributing to policy-making in this area. The Movement pledges to support the efforts to put development cooperation at the centre of the United Nations mandate, role and functions. Promoting long-term social development and a more balanced universal economic growth and development should be primary focus of the United Nations. For this to become reality there is a need for the United Nations to begin the process of reforming itself to better deal with the conditions of the new global economy. 207. The Heads of State or Government believed that it is imperative that the United Nations, the international Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization (WTO), play an effective role in correcting world economic imbalances. To this end, they reiterated the need to strengthen cooperation and coordination between the Bretton Woods institutions, the WTO and the United Nations in order to achieve greater transparency and coherence in trade, monetary and financial policies. In this regard, they congratulate themselves that, on the King Hassan II proposal, a working group has been set up in WTO to review commercial, financial and monetary policy coherence. The Heads of State or Government stressed the need for those institutions to adapt and adjust their policies and programmes to critical needs of developing countries. 208. The Heads of State or Government also reaffirmed the necessity that all members of the international community streamline their economic and financial policies with the requirements of an increasingly interdependent international economy. 209. To consolidate a new stage of partnership for development, overcoming confrontation and strengthening cooperation, there is no alternative other than a constructive dialogue between developed countries and developing countries. Such a dialogue should be based on common interests, mutual benefits, genuine interdependence and shared responsibilities. 210. In this context, Heads of State or Government underlined the significance of macroeconomic policy coordination in reducing the uncertainties pertaining to trade, financial flows, transfer of technology and investment worldwide. They further recommended the urgent need for the creation of a supportive international economic environment in the form of improved access to the markets of developed countries, the removal of unfair trade practices, the evolution of predictable and non-discriminatory trade policies, the greater encouragement of foreign investment and the reduction of the debt burden. IN the area of development assistance, it is imperative that new and additional financial resources be provided by developed countries and for the transfer of technology on preferential and concessional terms to be promoted. The dialogue should also concentrate on projects and programmes of developmental priority and their management and execution in a manner conducive to obtaining concrete and effective results. 211. In this regard, the Heads of State or Government welcomed the call made by the President of the Republic of Tunisia, H.E. Mr Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali, before the United Nations General Assembly in 1989, for a contract for peace and progress between the developing and the developed countries. 212. It is imperative that the Non-Aligned Countries and other developing countries draw up a common strategy, in consonance with the profound transformation of the international environment, in order to enhance their capacity for negotiation in the dialogue with the developed countries, taking into account the conclusions of the South Commission and the changes in the world situation. The Heads of State or Government agreed to convene an open-ended high-level group of experts to be entrusted with the task of formulating specific proposals for the common strategy. They further agreed that such recommendations will be presented to the Chairman of the Movement and submitted for consideration to a future Meeting of the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the Movement. 213. The Heads of State or Government also agreed to the establishment of an open-ended high-level expert forum with a view to evolving integrated and well-coordinated perspectives for international cooperation in the 21st century through closer interlinkages with the Group of 77 and other regional and sub-regional institutions. 214. The Heads of State or Government invited H.E. President Ernesto Samper, as Chairman of the Non-Aligned Movement, to continue to meet with the leaders of the developed countries, including the leaders of the Group of 7, so as to promote dialogue and foster greater understanding of the aspirations, views and positions of the developing countries on international economic and development issues. They also invited the Chairman of the Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement, in close cooperation and coordination with the Chairman of the Group of 77, to support the preparations for such meetings. Agenda for Development 215. The Heads of State or Government reaffirmed their conviction that no lasting peace and security can be assured without the eradication of poverty and the achievement of sustained economic growth and development of the developing countries. As a result of the increasing interdependence of countries, it is imperative to ensure effective responses and solutions through international economic cooperation so that significant progress can be made at the national, regional and global levels. 216. The Head of State or Government attached high priority to the Agenda for Development. It provides a unique opportunity to launch a process of constructive dialogue, aimed at the creation of a genuine partnership on development issues, and revitalize international cooperation for development. It will put to a test the political will for an effective resumption of the dialogue between the developing countries and the developed countries. In order for that dialogue and partnership to be effective, it is essential that the Agenda reflects a new attitude and stronger commitment to address the existing fundamental imbalances in core areas such as international trade, investment, external finance, external debt, science and technology and external resources for development, including United Nations system resources for development. 217. The Agenda must also pay due attention to the human being, the improvement of the quality of life, the eradication of hunger, disease, illiteracy, overcrowding and unemployment. Based on the results of the World Summit for Social Development, the Agenda should reflect the practical measures required to eradicate poverty, the satisfaction of basic needs and the generation of employment. The improvement of education and the status of women are equally essential for development. 218. The Agenda must be based on a clear set of specific actions, oriented toward accelerated and sustained economic growth and social development. It must have as an initial basis the effective implementation of existing international commitments and agreements in the area of economic and social development, as well as the incorporation of actions and measures that would be necessary to face the new challenges and opportunities. It must be based, furthermore, on the fundamental principle that development is an essential requirement for peace and security. 219. The Agenda for Development must address the need to clearly specify underline and strengthen the role of the united Nations in development, including international economic policy-making and coordination and the promotion of economic growth, taking into account the universal character and democratic principles of the Organization. Any attempt to divert the United Nations from its original mission in development must be resisted. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the specialized agencies, particularly the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), should play a key role as focal points of the United Nations system in the areas, among others, of trade and development and the industrial development of developing countries. The Agenda should clearly spell out the means to intensify the relationship between the United Nations and the specialized agencies and organizations, including the Bretton Woods institutions, the World Trade Organization and other multilateral institutions, in order to enhance cooperation and greater coherence towards achieving the objectives of the Agenda for Development as set out above. International Trade and Commodities 220. The Heads of State or Government attached vital importance to international trade as a means of accelerating world economic growth and development and as an effective tool for international cooperation. They agreed that the expansion in trade will result in mutual benefit to the developing countries and the developed countries. It is necessary to give further impetus to trade liberalization efforts and expansion of trade for the benefit of all countries, particularly developing countries, while at the same time being attentive to any threat to the multilateral trading system posed by discriminatory restrictions, utilateral actions and/or onerous conditionalities. 221. The Heads of State or Government welcomed the signing in Marrakesh, Morocco of the Uruguay Round agreements. They emphasized that the new commitments and procedures contained in those agreements should be translated into a greater market access, an expansion of world trade and an increase in income and employment opportunities throughout the world, particularly in the developing countries. They hoped that with the entry into force of the World Trade Organization, rapid progress will be made to guarantee the full implementation of multilateral principles and commitments, and preventing or correcting unilateral protectionist measures. 222. The Heads of State or Government recalled that some of the analysis and projections had already indicated that, while the implementation of the Uruguay Round provides new trade opportunities, it might affect the interests of the developing countries, in particular the least developed countries, the net food importing countries and those which enjoyed trade preferences. 223. The Heads of State or Government declared that the World Trade Organization should contribute to realizing and expanding an open, predictable. equitable, non-discriminatory and secure multilateral trading system, based on clear and transparent procedures, as well as the protection of the rights and interests of the developing countries. They considered, furthermore, that it must be governed by principles of universality in its deliberations and equity with regard to participation and preferential and differential treatment for developing countries. It is also of primary importance that its relationship with the United Nations system be defined at the earliest, including the coordination mechanisms between both institutions. 224. The Heads of State or Government called on the World Trade Organization to consider specific activities including those in cooperation with the United Nations to contribute to the implementation of the Copenhagen Programme of Action. 225. The implementation of the Marrakesh accords must be subject to continued evaluation, in order to promote increased market access for developing countries in respect of commodities, manufactures and services of export interest to them and the expansion of international trade. In this respect, the Heads of State or Government considered that the Ministerial Conference of WTO which will be held in Singapore in 1996 should be an opportunity to assess the implementation of the commitments undertaken in favour of developing countries in order to evaluate their impact on trade, in particular on the agricultural sector. Furthermore, they decided to convene a Conference of Developing Countries under UNCTAD auspices to carry out an evaluation of the implementation of the Uruguay Round agreements. They stressed the need to take appropriate measures consistent with the Final Act of the Uruguay Round, in favour of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and the net food importing developing countries with the full implementation of the Ministerial Decision adopted in Marrakesh at the end of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations in order to give these countries special attention with a view to enhancing their participation in the multilateral trading system and mitigating any adverse effects of the implementation of the Final Act of the Uruguay Round Agreement. The Heads of State or Government emphasized the importance of the commitments concerning the special and differential measures in favour of the developing countries as well as those aimed at mitigating any adverse effects on those countries resulting from the implementation of the accords. 226. The Heads of State or Government noted with concern that some developed countries continue to ignore multilaterally agreed trading rules by imposing unilateral protectionist measures, allowing domestic policies to prevail over multilateral trading commitments. They deplored the fact that such an attitude comes right after the extraordinary effort that was necessary to conclude the Uruguay Round and the new context in which developing countries made substantial progress toward liberalizing their trade regimes and integrating their economies into the world trade. These efforts should be balanced by a recognition and credit for tariffs binding undertaken by developing countries. They emphasized the importance of an increase in non-discriminating market access to the products of developing countries in the markets of developed countries and the need to resist and roll-back all forms of direct and indirect protectionism. 227. The Heads of State or Government declared that the implementation of the Marakesh accords should take into consideration the constraints derived from liberalization measures posed by international financial institutions in developing countries. It is paradoxical to expect developing countries to open their markets and lift international exchange restrictions, including non-tariff measures, while the developed countries adopt protectionist measures that make the developing countries unable to fully meet their commitments to the international financial institutions. 228. The Heads of State or Government expressed their concern at the increasing trend towards new types of protectionism that are coming up in major developed country markets. it is in the interest of both developed and developing countries and of the multilateral trading system that this trend be reversed. While recognizing that the promote sustained economic growth and sustainable development, environment and trade should be mutually supportive, they cautioned that the introduction of environmental labelling or social clauses in the international trade regime would have a negative impact on economic growth and development, and would shift toward developing countries an unjustifiable economic and social burden. In this context, The Heads of State or Government also expressed their concern about attempts to overload the agenda of the nascent World Trade Organization, as it could unravel the carefully balanced package of rights and obligations even before the Uruguay Round Agreements have been implemented and the new WTO has had time and space to establish and consolidate itself in overseeing their smooth implementation. They stated that trade policy must be based on the fundamental principle of comparative advantage and should not be used as a panacea to resolve all problems. They also noted with concern the increasing use by developed countries of antidumping and compensatory measures with purely protectionist objectives as well as unilateral actions inconsistent with international commercial rules. 229. The Heads of State or Government made manifest the need of developing countries for technical and financial assistance from developed countries and international organizations and trade institutions, in order to take advantage of the new opportunities of the multilateral trading system and to promote the diversification of their exports. They emphasized that developed countries should play a more active role in strengthening the capacity of developing countries so that they can participate effectively in the trading system as full players. 230. The Heads of State or Government emphasized the importance of enabling UNCTAD to fully perform its role as essential focal point of the United Nations system for, inter alia, promoting trade and development in the developing countries. They recognized that UNCTAD is the only forum within the United Nations where development issues are treated in an integrated manner and where interlinkages of issues and sectors and of countries and regions are addressed. Therefore, the Heads of State or Government reaffirmed the strong commitment of the Non-Aligned Movement to strengthen UNCTAD, including its actions for the provision of adequate resources by the developed countries and expressed their firm determination to oppose any attempt to weaken or undermine the contributions of UNCTAD to the development process of the developing countries. 231. The recent developments and institutional changes, among them the creation of the World Trade Organization, have reinforced the need for UNCTAD as a policy-oriented forum with a strong development perspective. The Heads of State or Government considered it necessary that the output of its intergovernmental deliberations be more policy- and action-oriented, and that there be more participation by developing countries in UNCTAD's policy-making. The Heads of State or Government agreed that development policy-making should not be monopolized by a small directorate of countries and stressed that UNCTAD, as a universal forum, can help correct such imbalances by offering a wider range of policy choices to the developing countries and thereby further the development dialogue. In the formulation of new policies and direction a balanced approach in policy analysis is vital to take into account the limited capability of developing countries to adapt to the new multilateral responsibilities as well as the constraints that they face. 232. The Heads of State or Government reaffirmed the central role of UNCTAD as the universal forum for intergovernmental deliberations and negotiation, policy and consensus building, monitoring, implementation and follow-up and technical cooperation, with a view to accelerating economic growth and development, particularly of developing countries. They noted that UNCTAD offers an appropriate forum for building consensus on new and emerging issues and preparing the groundwork for negotiations of further trade agreements in the appropriate fora. They reaffirmed support for the mandate of UNCTAD for the integrated treatment of development and inter-related issues including trade commodities, finance, investment, external debt, services, technology and environment. They stressed the critical importance of enabling UNCTAD to discharge its mandate fully. 233. The Heads of State or Government urged UNCTAD, in the context of preparations for UNCTAD-IX, to give increased focus to priority issues for development and to identify ways of maximizing the development impact of globalization and liberalization while minimizing the dangers of instability and marginalization. They requested UNCTAD to study trends and issues in the world economy, particularly those that have an impact on developing countries and propose policies and measures, both international and national, that can address projected problems. They urged UNCTAD to strengthen its think-tank role for developing countries in the context of a changing world economic environment and to identify, examine and present alternative paths to development. 234. The Heads of State or Government urged UNCTAD to perform the following tasks in the developmental context: - undertake conceptual work through objective analysis and forecasts; ausit of ideas and concepts with a view to identifying their implications for developing countries and suggesting corrective measures; - revive and strengthen its role in the field of trade and development and related issues such as investment rules, competition policy, financial flows, environment, promotion of services sector in developing countries, science and technology, transfer of technology, and economic cooperation and integration; - assess the impact of the implementation of Uruguay Round agreements, identifying market access opportunities and suggest measures to mitigate possible negative effects; - reinvigorate its role in the areas of Generalized System of Preferences and trade facilitation; and - support developing countries in formulating policies and strategies in specific areas including infrastructure development and development of small and medium enterprises. 235. The Heads of State or Government welcomed the hosting of the ninth session of UNCTAD by the Government of the Republic of South Africa in Johannesburg from 26 April to 11 May 1996, and looked forward to UNCTAD-IX as a means towards strengthening the mandate and role of UNCTAD on trade and development and providing important policy directions for global development. They committed themselves to launching a successful process of preparation and implementation of UNCTAD-IX. 236. The Heads of State or Government declared that an effective coordination of the position of the Movement is essential to renew and enhance the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), with the aim of significantly promoting the stable and enhanced access for their export of commodities, manufactures and services to the markets of the developed countries. They stressed their opposition to restrictions of GSP as tools of coercion reflecting protectionist trends in developed countries. They agreed that there was an urgent need for improvement in the GSP schemes by expansion of product coverage, lowering or removing of GSP duties in account of reduction in Most Favoured Nation (MFN) clauses in the Uruguay Round, expansion of schemes to new products of interest to developing countries and establishment of objective criteria for graduation. They expressed concern that schemes would be weakened by linking them to new conditionalities. In this context, they also called upon GSP donors to simplify and harmonize the rules of origin. 237. The Heads of State or Government condemned the fact that certain countries, using their predominant position in the world economy, continue to intensify the adoption of unilateral coercive measures against developing countries, which are in clear contradiction with international law, such as trade restrictions, blockades, embargoes and freezing of assets with the purpose of preventing these countries from exercising their right to fully determine their political, economic and social system and freely expand their international trade. They deemed such measures unacceptable and called for their immediate cessation. 238. The Heads of State or Government urgently called upon the developed countries to put an end to all political conditionalities to international trade, developmental assistance and investment, as they are fully in contradiction with the universal principles of self-determination, national sovereignty and non-interference in internal affairs. 239. The Heads of State or Government recognized that in many developing countries, in particular the Least Developed Countries, the commodity sector remains the principal source of export revenues, employment, income and savings, and a significant contributor to the goal of development. However, the deterioration of prices and disorganization in certain commodity markets have greatly undermined their development efforts, as well as their capacity to service the external debt. They made a call for the elimination of supply and demand distortions that precipitate such an uncertain situation. 240. The Heads of State or Government emphasized the importance of maximizing the contribution of commodities to economic growth and development in particular in commodity dependant countries. In this regard, they stressed the need for the improvement of the functioning of international commodity markets through efficient, transparent, stable and adequate price formation. They also called for international support to the developing countries efforts to modernize and diversify their commodity activities, in order to increase their external revenue and to improve their competitiveness in face of persistent instability of prices and the general deterioration in terms of trade. 241. The Heads of State or Government committed themselves to strengthening international cooperation in the field of commodities. They called upon the international community to support the efforts of the developing countries to improve the processing, marketing, distribution, and transportation of commodities and in this regard to take advantage of the new advanced in science and technology. They also called upon the developed countries to improve the access to their markets through the lifting of tariff and non-tariff barriers, and the abolition of subsidies that obstruct commodity exports of developing countries. 242. The Heads of State or Government emphasized the need to accomplish existing commodity agreements and the negotiation of others. They welcomed the policy measures adopted by UNCTAD regarding the full and active participation of consumers and producers in international commodity agreements. They considered that the Integrated programme for Commodities and the Common Fund of Commodities, adopted after intensive negotiations but almost abandoned at present, deserve to be examined anew. Furthermore, they stated that complementary measures should be promoted such as diversification of experts and improving the quality and competitiveness of commodities. Compensatory financing for deficits caused by revenue shortfalls on export commodities of developing countries should be considered as a complementary and integral part of international measures in this area. They considered it appropriate for UNCTAD to renew consultations on the proposed convening of an international conference on commodities. Monetary and Financial Issues 243. The Heads of State or Government declared that the implementation of the commitments adopted by various international conferences in the economic and social fields require the mobilization of a substantial volume of new and additional resources to developing countries. It is not sufficient to rely on the shifting of priorities or reallocation of national budget and Official Development Assistance. They called upon the developed countries that have not done so to fulfil the commitment to allocate 0.7% of their GNP to official development assistance before the year 2000. 244. The Heads of State or Government expressed their support for the "20/20 concept" as endorsed by the World Summit for Social Development, calling for a mutual commitment between interested developed and developing country partners to allocate, on average 20 percent of the Official Development Assistance and 20 percent of the national budget, respectively, to basic social programmes. 245. The Heads of State or Government registered their concern at the ever increasing diversion of financial flows from developing countries to countries with economies in transition. The needs of these countries should be met with additional resources, without detriment to the resources allocated to developing countries. 246. The Heads of State or Government noted how private financial flows to developing countries have been concentrated in a few countries and sectors, and do not compensate the effects of the long period of negative flows. At present these flows are mainly short-term and speculative in character and in many cases have produced serious exchange imbalances. They called upon the international community to design a multilateral surveillance mechanism to monitor short-term private capital flows from developed countries and to safeguard the developing countries from the adverse effects of the volatility of such flows. 247. The Heads of State or Government registered that despite the efforts undertaken by the Non-Aligned Countries and other developing countries to create a favourable climate for direct foreign investment, the present level of such flows is insufficient to meet their developmental needs. it is necessary to ensure their increase and diversification. The fulfilment of this objective should be facilitated with the support of developed countries, particularly through opening their markets, and the participation of international economic and financial organizations. 248. The Heads of State or Government were concerned on the impact that new protectionism in developed countries will have on FDI flows to developing countries. New stimulus and policy support needs to be given to foreign direct investment (FDI) flows to developing countries by home countries to complement efforts at attracting investments by host countries. 249. The Heads of State or Government noted that the measures adopted by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund through their various concessional mechanisms have proved insufficient against the requirements of development. Equally insufficient has been the fourth replenishment of the International Fund for Agricultural Development and the restructuring and replenishment of resources of the global Environment Facility. They called upon the donor developed countries to meet their commitments under the tenth replenishment of the International Development Association (IDA) and accelerate negotiations for its eleventh replenishment and trust that it will translate into a significant increase of funds. 250. The Heads of State or Government underlined the need to increase the capital base of the World Bank and the regional development banks in order to contribute more effectively to mobilizing the world savings and to channel them toward projects and programs of developing countries. To this end, they also called upon the creditor developed countries for an increase of IMF resources, including the allocation of new development-oriented Special Drawing Rights. 251. The Heads of State or Government called the developed countries for an increase, in real terms, of resources for the Structural Adjustment Facility (SAF) and the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF), of the International Monetary Fund (IFM), as a means of providing medium-term concessional flows to low-income countries. They also supported the transformation of the ESAF into a permanent IFM facility. 252. The Heads of State or Government declared that when the Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) are agreed to, they should be fully funded and include social development goals, in particular eradicating poverty, promoting full and productive employment, and enhancing social integration. 253. The Heads of State or Government emphasized the importance of strengthening the funds, programmes and specialized agencies of the United Nations system, as appropriate channels for allocating resources for international cooperation. They called for the adoption of necessary measures to guarantee the financing of the operational activities of the United Nations on a stable, predictable and assured basis. They considered that the imbalance between the volume of resources allocated to Peace-Keeping Operations and emergency humanitarian assistance activities, as opposed to those allocated to development, must also be corrected. 254. The Heads of State or Government noted that the prevailing international monetary and financial system has not succeeded in satisfying the requirement of the Non-Aligned Countries and other developing countries, in stimulating stable world economic growth, nor in creating a financial climate that is conducive to sustained economic growth and development. The consultations and decision-making processes of multilateral monetary and financial institutions should be democratized. The limited participation of developing countries in such consultations and processes has meant that their interests and needs remain largely unattended to. 255. The Heads of State or Government noted that the globalization of capital markets and the volatility of capital flows, interest rates and exchange rates, which have particular adverse impact on the developing countries call, among other factors, for a reform of the international monetary and financial system. They stressed that any evaluation of the functioning of such a system and the adoption of any measures aimed at its reform should be made with the participation of the developing countries. In this context, they held the view that a major intergovernmental review of the Brettong Woods institutions was imperative. The rules and responsibilities of the IMF, the World Bank and the regional banks should be reviewed in an integrated fashion within the overall framework of the United Nations. Such a review should be carried out on a truly multilateral basis, and through a democratic process. 256. The Heads of State or Government endorsed the idea of creating a Ministerial Group with the participation of Ministers from developing countries and developed countries to jointly review the operation of the international monetary and financial system and formulate recommendations aimed at its reform. The reform should, interalia, be geared toward supporting the requirements of the developing countries and should promote greater interaction and cooperation between the Bretton Woods institutions and the United Nations system. They also endorsed the initiative to convene an international conference on the financing of development to deal with issues on capital flows, resource mobilization, restrictions and exposures faced by the developing countries. External debt. 257. The Heads of State or Government noted with concern that the debt burden and the debt service overhand of many developing countries, in particular the most severely indebted countries, have significantly increased in the last decade and are far from being resolved. These countries repetitive rescheduling of debt diverts scarce resources from attending to problems of economic development and poverty alleviation. They regretted that in spite of some measures adopted as part of commitments agreed upon during that period, most developing countries continue to be affected by the debt crisis. They expressed their deep concern on the negative impacts of excessive external debt which impinge on the capacity of developing countries to generate economic growth and undertake development programmes. 258. The Heads of State or Government expressed that the solution to the debt problem can only come about through negotiations between debtors and creditors that take into account all the dimensions of this problem, and that should go beyond adopting new relief measures, by guaranteeing a net transfer of financial resources to indebted countries, thus providing the impetus for economic growth. To this end, efforts should be made to ensure a conducive international economic environment by strengthening international cooperation, through, inter-alia, improving market access, terms of trade, access to technology and the international financial and monetary system, in terms of their stability and provision of liquidity, as well as the transfer of new and additional resources for sustained economic growth and development of the developing countries. 259. The Heads of State or Government emphasized that measures that could jeopardize the political stability and the possibilities of economic and social development of the Non-Aligned Countries and other developing countries will not constitute a viable alternative to a durable solution to the debt problem. Any approach should cover all types of debt, including multilateral debt, and all the indebted developing countries, and incorporate measures aimed at a once-and-for-all reduction arrangement to reduce their debt burden to a scale that would allow them to resume their economic growth and development, and through meaningful reduction of all categories of debt by major groups of creditor developed countries including multilateral creditors. They called for broader implementation of mechanisms that have produced positive results such as debt-for-equity and debt-for-nature swaps, as well as debt for social development swaps, without prejudice to a more durable solution such as debt reduction and/or cancellation. 260. The Heads of State or Government considered that in order to alleviate the commercial debt burden, the resources allocated to the international financial institutions for the reduction of debt service should be increased by the creditor developed countries among other measures. They stressed the need for the cancellation by the creditor developed countries of the bilateral debt of the heavily indebted low-income countries, the least developed countries and other countries facing special difficulties. They also called upon the creditor developed countries for a substantial reduction of the bilateral debt of the other developing countries. 261. The Heads of State or Government emphasized the need for the Paris Club to continue to apply measures aimed at reducing bilateral debt, including cancellation or other relief measures, and to widen the scope of those measures to include different developing countries, and increase the concessional flow of resources to countries that face special difficulties. 262. The Heads of State or Government recommended that with a view to reducing the multilateral debt of the Non-Aligned Countries and other developing countries, serious consideration should be given to the possibility of the use of Special Drawing Rights and IMF gold reserves, without any prejudice to the gold-producing developing countries, as well as other modalities to implement multilateral debt reduction. They further recommended consolidating the financial assistance provided by the International Monetary Fund and its conversion into long-term financial assistance on concessional terms, rescheduling of the structural adjustment loans by the World Bank and their conversion into long-term loans, and adopting similar measures to those applied by the Paris Club. 263. The Heads of State or Government invited creditor developed countries to grant incentives to those countries which, at great social and political cost, have continued to meet their external debt obligations. They expressed that in the case of the commercial debt of the affected countries, there should be a more flexible application of the measures envisaged under the Brady Initiative. Science and Technology 264. The Heads of State or Government expressed their warm appreciation to the Republic of Colombia for the valuable donation that this country did to humankind, of the Colombian malaria vaccine developed by Professor Manuel Elkin Patarroyo Murillo and offered to the World Health Organization (WHO) for its distribution and use in developing countries. They underlined that this valuable initiative is a clear example of solidarity and South-South cooperation that brings many benefits to the countries of the Non-Aligned Movement and particularly to the most affected peoples in sub-Saharan Africa. 265. The Heads of State or Government underlined that the progress of developing countries is dependent upon their access to technology and the level of their indigenous capacity to develop it. The Non-Aligned Countries and other developing countries are marginalized on account of their being precluded from participating in the process of technological revolution. The acquisition of technologies and the decision regarding the choice of those that are suited to particular needs is a legitimate right of the developing countries. They called upon the developed countries to promote and enhance the transfer of new technologies and technical know-how to the developing countries. The developing countries should be enabled to access high technology critical for their agricultural and industrial development as well as export competitiveness. They should not be held back from accessing and using them for peaceful, developmental purposes, on grounds of these technologies having dual use. 266. The Heads of State or Government attached special importance to the transfer of environmentally sound and safe technologies. They considered that negotiations in this regard should be oriented towards the acquisition of new technologies on preferential and concessional terms, and strengthening the capacity of the developing countries to fully utilize them. 267. The Heads of State or Government underlined the need to promote technological cooperation through new partnership mechanisms between supplier and recipient countries, improve the indigenous capacity to propel scientific development, and facilitate the access of small- and medium-size enterprises to the development of technology. They recommended the adoption of measures with the aim of facilitating access to publicly-owned technologies and strengthening the mechanisms of the United Nations, in particular UNCTAD, so that they may satisfactorily fulfil their mandates in these matter. They emphasized that technology transfer cannot be left in the hands of the market or the private sector alone. The State must play an important role in the promotion of international cooperation in this area. 268. The Heads of State or Government expressed their concern at measures that aim to block, for political ends, the transfer of technology to developing countries. The controls imposed by the highly industrialized countries on the export of dual-use technology to developing countries. The controls imposed by the highly industrialized countries on the export of dual-use technology and other types of sensitive technology should not be used to prevent the access of the developing countries to technology for peaceful or developmental purposes. They emphasized that only the developing countries are in a condition to decide the type of technologies that are better suited to their resource endowments and needs. 269. The Heads of State or Government emphasized that the application of procedures to protect intellectual property rights should take into account the needs of developing countries so as not to adversely affect the financial, commercial, technological and development interests of our countries. They expressed that the protection of intellectual property must be complemented with actions directed at stimulating the creation of new indigenous technologies and emerging technologies on favourable conditions. 270. The Heads of State or Government called for the full implementation of the Vienna Programme of Action on Science and Technology for Development and called on all countries, especially the developed countries, as well as the international institutions, to consider measures to invigorate the United Nations Financing System for Science and Technology for Development, as envisaged in the Vienna Programme of Action. In this context, they also emphasized the important role played by the United Nations Commission on Science and Technology for Development and urged that it should be strengthened. 271. The Heads of State or Government also recognized the need to further support the developing countries efforts on science and technology through, inter-alia, the multilateral financial institutions, the transfer of technology between small and medium size enterprises from developing countries and developed countries, foreign direct investment flows and strengthening information systems on environmentally sound technologies. Industrialization 272. The Heads of State or Government agreed that industrialization remains an essential component of economic development, and that in the current globalized economy, economic success is synonymous with industrial and technological competitiveness. They considered that the relevance and importance of UNIDO lies in the fact that it continues to provide services to its own members that are deemed essential to their industrial development. its unique capacity for impartial and independent analysis of global, regional, national and sectoral issues affecting industrial development is an invaluable source of information and advice for governments. Its wealth of information on industrial technologies and processes are a valuable asset to developing countries in their efforts to establish and modernize their manufacturing facilities. 273. The Heads of State or Government welcomed the continuing efforts of UNIDO to concentrate its resources and activities on the priority concerns of the developing countries, inter alia, in addressing the needs of the poor, such as employment opportunities and poverty alleviation through industrial development; promoting environmentally sustainable industrial development through clean and safe production and energy efficiency; improving the international competitiveness of industries in the developing countries in the context of trade liberalization and globalization of production and capital flows; developing human resources for sustained industrial growth; and fostering international cooperation in industrial investment and technology. 274. The Heads of State or Government recognized, in the light of the present critical situation of the Organization, the necessity to support the mandate and existence of UNIDO and that its restructuring process should be conducted in such a way not to jeopardize the programmes of relevance to developing countries at the national and regional levels. In view of the new financial constraints affecting the regular budget of the Organization, they called on the developed countries to fulfil their obligations in this regard. The Member States also pledge to undertake their shared responsibility in accordance with their contributive capacity. They urged all Non-Aligned Countries Members of UNIDO to participate actively in the UNIDO General Conference to be held in Vienna in December 1995 and to contribute positively to the viable adaptation of its staffing programmes and budget. Food and Agriculture. 275. The Heads of State or Government expressed Deep concern with the further deterioration of the food and agricultural situation, in the developing countries. They considered it their duty to accord high priority in the international agenda to the solution of food and agricultural problems, and advocate the adoption of measures by Member Countries of the Movement that would contribute to the solution of the problems of hunger in the world. They affirmed that achieving food security must be a fundamental objective of development. They found it to be paradoxical that despite the substantial increase that has taken place in world food production, the number of people affected by hunger and malnutrition has increased dramatically in the last years. The new world situation offers the opportunity to manage resources more productively in order to achieve food security, particularly for the poorest and most vulnerable. In this regard, they called upon the developing countries to support the elaboration by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the code of conduct for responsible fishing with the aim of preserving resources and managing and developing bioaquatic resources, taking into account the preservation of ecosystems and biodiversity. They called upon FAO, other relevant United Nations specialized agencies and multilateral financial institutions to give priority assistance to the Non-Aligned Countries and other developing countries in order to strengthen their food security programs. 276. The Heads of State or Government reaffirmed that the right to food is a fundamental human right and its promotion constitutes a moral imperative of the international community. Therefore, they emphatically rejected the use of food as an instrument of economic or political pressure. 277. The Heads of State or Government noted that in spite of the advances made by the Uruguay Round, the accords on agriculture will lead only to a partial trade liberalization, and serious distortions will persist in the agricultural commodity markets even after their full implementation. They expressed their deep concern about the negative effects of these accords on the least developed countries and the net food importing countries. Accordingly, they considered it necessary to undertake studies on the impact of the new multilateral trading system on food supply and its possible consequences on food security, particularly in developing countries. 278. The Heads of State or Government endorsed the convening of a World Food Summit to promote international cooperation in this filed and to formulate a programme of action on food security. They affirmed that the Movement will need to adopt a common position on this initiative which will required coordinated action by the Ministers of Agriculture in the framework of the Summit and its preparatory process. Environment and Development. 279. The Head of State or Government reaffirmed that economic and social development constitutes a priority and a fundamental right of countries. Sustainable development, therefore, must be considered within the wider context of sustained economic growth. States have the sovereign right to exploit their resources in accordance with their own environmental and developmental policies. 280. Environmental protection, sustained economic growth and sustainable development require international cooperation based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. The Head of State or Government emphasized that while the environmental problems of developed countries are associated with unsustainable patters of consumption and production, those afflicting developing countries are to a large extent the by-product of poverty and underdevelopment and their technical and financial limitations. Therefore, they affirmed that the protection of the environment and economic growth should be mutually reinforced. While the Rio Declaration, Agenda 21 and other international instruments on environmental issues attest to a new spirit of partnership and cooperation in environmental matters, they were concerned with the fact that three years after the Earth Summit, the resources necessary to make these commitments a reality have not yet been allocated. 281. The Heads of State or Government committed themselves to make thorough preparations, in full collaboration with the Group of 77, for the Special Session of the General Assembly to review the implementation of the commitments, recommendations and agreements of the United Nations Programme of Action on Environment and Development scheduled for 1997. 282. The Heads of State or Government welcomed the holding of the First Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention on Climate Change and the First Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. They expressed their appreciation to the Government of Indonesia for offering to host the Second Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biodiversity in Jakarta from 6 to 17 November 1995 and urged Member Countries to participate actively. They also urged all Member States to support the adoption of a protocol on biosafety under the Convention on Biodiversity. 283. The Heads of State or Government noted with satisfaction the conclusion in June 1994 of the negotiation of the International Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa, as well as the proclamation by the General Assembly of 17 June as a World Day to Combat Desertification. Furthermore, they urged the international community to act towards a full and effective implementation of this Convention and its regional annexes as well as the resolution on the urgent action for Africa, in particular through the provision of new and additional financial resources, and to participate actively in the first session of the Conference of the Parties scheduled to be held in June 1997. They called upon the signatory States that have not yet done so, to accede to or ratify the Convention with a view to its early entry into force. 284. The Heads of State or Government endorsed the decisions adopted in the framework of the Basel Convention to ban, by the end of 1997, all transborder movements of hazardous wastes originating from member Countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to third countries, and called for its strict and rigorous implementation. They declared that poor countries cannot afford to be the depositories of the hazardous wastes generated by the unsustainable production and consumption patterns of the Member Countries of the aforementioned Organization. 285. The Heads of State or Government called upon the international community, in particular the developed countries, to take the necessary actions to implement Agenda 21 through the allocation of new and additional financial resources, and the adoption of measures to enable the transfer of environmentally sound technologies on concessional and preferential terms, as well as through scientific and technical cooperation and dissemination of appropriate information. 286. The Heads of State or Government noted with particular attention the developments relating to the restructuring of the Global Environment Facility. They considered that the resources allocated to this mechanism should be significantly increased in order to ensure that its objective is fully achieved. They emphasized the need for decisions of the Facility to be taken in a democratic and transparent way. They committed themselves to continue reinforcing the developing countries joint participation in the activities of the Facility to safeguard their common interests, both in the orientation of its policies as well as in the financial allocation of resources. 287. The Heads of State or Government declared that the Global Environment Facility should not be the only mechanism for the financing of sustainable development and noted the necessity to insist on the identification of their sources of new and additional financial resources. 288. The Heads of State or Government were concerned that the developed countries, either directly or through international institutions, resort to environmental pretexts to increase obstacles to trade, intervene in the internal affairs of developing countries, and impose conditionalities on official assistance and the financing of development, while their unsustainable production and consumption patterns continue to severely affect the environment. They emphasized that in no case does the adoption of unilateral trade-restricting measures based on these pretexts make any positive contribution to the conservation of the environment, yet gravely weakens the multilateral trading system. 289. The Heads of State or Government emphasized the importance of biodiversity as a strategic wealth of the developing countries, on account of both its present or potential value, and agreed that its adequate management and conservation are essential for sustainable development, especially in the most important areas of national economies such as forest utilization, agriculture, fishing, health, industry and tourism. They acknowledged that one million acres of virgin rain forest have been donated by the Government of Guyana for international scientific research which will be the property of the entire world community. 290. To this effect, the Heads of State or Government called upon the Members of the Movement to work for the implementation of the outcome of the United Nations Conference on the Conservation and Management of Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks. 291. The Heads of State or Government emphasized the importance of technology applied to biodiversity as a necessary means of securing the benefits from productivity increases in agriculture or from new and better products so that they constitute a source of economic and food security for future generations. They considered it essential to develop an appropriate framework, in order to guarantee supplier countries of genetic resources, a fair and equitable participation in research and development of projects, and in the benefits and results derived from this process. 292. The Heads of State or Government underlined that, according with the Convention on Biological Diversity, technology transfer and the efforts aimed at establishing an international system for the protection of intellectual property rights, including those related to goods and processes, should guarantee an equitable distribution of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources. In this respect, they recalled that the developing countries own the major proportion of the biological diversity in the planet. They also underscored that the local communities rules and habits must be respected and incorporated into the intellectual property rights norms. The market access should not constitute a mechanism to impose such norms. 293. The Heads of State or Government observed that, due to, inter alia, the lack of sufficient infrastructure for prevention preparedness, mitigation and disaster relief in the developing countries, these countries continued to be the main victims of natural disasters. They recommended that the Non-Aligned Countries follow-up the implementation of the Yokohama Strategy for a Safer World, and intensify cooperation among themselves in this area. They also pointed out that progress in economic development would contribute to building the infrastructure necessary for natural disaster reduction in the developing countries and that concessional resources together with technological transfer are critical to strengthen their efforts in this regard. 294. The Heads of State or Government recognized that the water issue in the world is a problem of strategic and global nature. The water reserves in the world are constantly decreasing whereas human requirements are increasing enormously. Acute shortages of water resources and potable water may become, if the situation is not redressed the cause of social upheavals and international conflicts. In this context it is necessary for competent international organizations, particularly the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), to develop intensified efforts to mobilize and generalize the use of pertinent techniques, such as aseptation of used water and desalination of sea water at the most competitive economic costs. In the field of international cooperation, the issue of water should be accorded a high priority and adequate resources be earmarked in the process of preparing the programs and budgets of interested international organizations. South-South Cooperation 295. The Heads of State or Government reiterated that South-South Cooperation is an essential mechanism for promoting accelerated economic growth and development, giving a greater dynamics to the international economy and promoting the restructuring of international economic relations. South-South Cooperation offers new opportunities for the expansion of trade and investment, access to financial resources, technology transfer, human resources development and other forms of economic, technical and scientific cooperation. The Heads of State or Government declared that only the nurturing of a spirit of collective self-reliance and the adoption of joint strategies will allow the effective implementation of socio-economic programmes based on their own political initiatives. Thus, the Heads of State or Government strongly reaffirmed their commitment to intensify South-South cooperation with a view to achieving greater collective self-reliance of developing countries. 296. The Heads of State or Government expressed their satisfaction at the progress made in the are of bilateral, subregional, and regional cooperation and integration among the countries of the Movement. The new impetus for cooperation and integration, in addition to the creation and strengthening of subregional and regional organizations and institutions, will contribute to building a more solid platform of negotiation and dialogue with the developed countries. The Heads of State or Government noted, however, that the potential and possibilities of South-South cooperation remain far from being fully realized. 297. The Heads of State or Government welcomed the adoption by consensus of the United Nations General Assembly resolution 49/96, co-sponsored by the Non-Aligned Movement and the Group of 77, regarding the convening of a United Nations Conference on South-South Cooperation and expressed their firm support for the holding of the Conference in 1997 at the latest. They called upon the Joint Coordination Committee (JCC) of the Non-Aligned Movement and the Group of 77 to prepare a draft programme of action to serve as a basis of negotiation in the conference. 298. The Heads of State or Government welcomed the adoption of "The New Directions for TCDC" by the High-level Meeting on TCDC at its ninth session in June 1995, in response to General Assembly resolution 49/96. The new directions call for Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries (TCDC) to be reoriented so as to enable it to focus on strategic initiatives that would have a major development impact on a large number of developing countries. In doing so, it should focus on major development issues such as trade and investment, debt, environment, poverty alleviation, production and employment, as well as macro-economic coordination and management. They agreed that a central element for the successful implementation of "New Directions for TCDC" is that of operational linkages between TCDC and Economic Cooperation among Developing Countries (ECDC). In this regard, they called upon the Joint Coordinating Committee of the Non-Aligned Movement and the Group of 77 to formulate recommendations, with inputs from the South Centre, for the implementation of "The New Directions". 299. In order to facilitate and further promote South-South programmes and projects, the Heads of State or Government reiterated their conviction that evolutionary and tripartite approaches, whose effectiveness have already been demonstrated, should be intensively explore and implemented. The Heads of State or Government also stressed that in promoting such programmes and projects, consideration should be given to the support and assistance that may be provided by developed countries and relevant multilateral institutions, including the provision of financial resources in accordance with the objectives of South-South cooperation. 300. The Heads of State or Government expressed their support for the decision to give new impetus to the Action programmes on Economic Cooperation (APEC) of the Non-Aligned Movement. The Activities undertaken within its framework have been affected by the lack of financial resources and the loss of interest by Member Countries. The Heads of State or Government considered it necessary to establish priorities, to orient actions towards more clearly defined objectives, to set strict deadlines for the implementation of projects and simplify their activities. The considered that the institutions and mechanisms created by the Programme are of particular importance and therefore deserve all their support. Furthermore, they expressed the need to establish strong and effective linkages among those institutions and mechanisms, in order to facilitate effective network for information exchange, inter alia, matching exercises between capabilities and needs of developing countries in the field of technical assistance and the sharing of experiences. IN this context, they made a commitment to reactivate the meetings within the framework of APEC for its revitalization and the implementation of programmes. 301. The Heads of State or Government also emphasized the necessity of expanding trade among Non-Aligned Countries. The Global System of Trade Preferences (GSTP) among developing countries constitutes an important means to promote and widen their mutual trade. They called upon the countries that have not yet signed or ratified the agreement, to do so as soon as possible, and invited other developing countries to join it. They called for the conclusion of the second round of negotiations of the preferential system. They took note with appreciation of the offer of the Republic of Cuba to host the Ministerial Meeting of the Negotiating Committee after the conclusion of the Round. 302. The Heads of State or Government pointed out that in order to fully take advantage of the preferences of the global system and to achieve a greater participation in the markets, the developing countries will need to modernize and make their productive sectors more competitive. It is suggested, furthermore, that their central banks, finance ministries and financial institutions seek greater interaction in order to promote trade and other South-South economic cooperation activities, in particular as regards new forms of trade financing and the strengthening of bilateral and multilateral payments arrangements among such countries. 303. Recognizing the evolving financial capacities of some developing countries, the Heads of State or Government pointed out the need to promote, through bilateral and multilateral arrangements, based on favourable and competitive terms, direct investment flows among developing countries, which in turn would generate larger markets at the bilateral, subregional, regional and interregional level. 304. The Heads of State or Government expressed their conviction that regional and sub-regional economic cooperation and integration can play an important role in the promotion of North-South and South-South cooperation as well as contribute to global peace and security. They invited the international community to lend its full support to the efforts of the developing countries aimed at the expansion of regional and sub-regional cooperation and development. In this context, the Heads of State or Government took note of the upcoming Economic Summit Conference to be held in Amman from October 30 to November 1, 1995, and expressed the hope that this Summit will contribute to the promotion of regional and interregional economic cooperation in the Middle East and North Africa, according to the outcome of Casablanca Summit which was held in October 1994. 305. The Heads of State or Government welcomed the outcome of the Ministerial Meeting of the Non-Aligned Countries on Debt and Development: Sharing of Experiences, held in Jakarta in August 1994. They recognized that the negotiating power of the debt-distressed countries could be considerably strengthened if they were able to cooperate on the different aspects of the debt problem. Towards this end, they agreed to continue to convene meetings, such as the one held in Jakarta, in order to keep the debt situation under regular review and to exchange views and experiences, as well as to adopt common positions; to strengthen technical cooperation among developing countries on debt management and debt negotiating techniques and to enhance bilateral cooperative arrangements among developing countries on debt and development issues. 306. The Heads of State or Government emphasized the importance of South-South cooperation in the area of science and technology and welcomed with satisfaction the adoption of the enhanced programme of cooperation by the Centre for Science and Technology of the Non-Aligned Countries and noted that in pursuance thereof and towards its implementation, number of meetings, workshops, training programmes and collaborative projects have been undertaken and publications brought out in such priority areas as remote sensing in agriculture, anti-malarial, commercial tissue culture and biotechnology, rural telecommunications, technologies for small and medium enterprises and technologies to replace ozone-depleting substances. They stressed that the Centre for Science and Technology of the Non-Aligned Countries requires, however, a sufficient level of commitment and financial contribution in order for it to be able to adequately perform its role and functions. They, therefore, called upon the Non-Aligned Countries and other developing countries that have not yet done so to sign the Statue of the Centre and contribute towards their membership. 307. The Heads of State or Government pointed out that the establishment of regional centres for science and technology and the creation of a network of specialized institutions of developing countries can give new impetus to South-South technological cooperation. In this context, they considered it advisable to convene a meeting of experts on science and technology to exchange experiences and identify recommendations to Members of the Movement. They stressed the importance of supporting existing agreements among developing countries regarding the exchange of information and experience in the field of biotechnology and urged other developing countries to join those initiatives. 308. The Head of State or Government noted with appreciation the establishment of the Commission on Science and Technology (COMSTEC) following the first meetings of experts from several developing countries in October 1994 in Islamabad. The Commission would contribute towards enhanced networking for South-South cooperation in the field of science and technology. 309. The Heads of State or Government welcomed the results of the Conference of Ministers of Food and Agriculture of the Non-Aligned Movement of Food Security held in Bali, Indonesia from October 7 to 11, 1994. They recalled that the Conference had examined the dimensions of food scarcity, analyzed the future indicators pertaining to the persistent shortage of food products, and defined the solutions for this problem which depend mainly on the mobilization of collective action towards the utilization of the untapped resources in Non-Aligned Countries that possess a high potential of food production. In this regard, they underlined the need to intensify the implementation of the Bali Declaration and the Programme of Action on Food Security of the Non-Aligned Movement and Other Developing Countries adopted at the Conference. 310. The Heads of State or Government underlined that information and communications constitute an essential means for the effective implementation of South-South projects and programmes. They committed themselves to facilitate the enlargement and consolidation of linkages among developing countries in these areas through the promotion of cooperation among their respective data exchange centres and in particular through the South Investment, Trade and Technology Data Exchange Centre (SITTDEC) in Kuala Lumpur in order to promote trade, investment and technology cooperation network. 311. The Heads of State or Government, therefore, reaffirmed their commitment to South-South cooperation in the field of information and communication based on the principle of collective self-reliance. They called for enabling the functions and role of the Non-Aligned News Agencies Pool (NANAP) and Broadcasting Organizations of Non-Aligned Countries (BONAC) and accelerating the process of setting up the New International Information Centres recommended by COMINACIV. 312. The Heads of State or Government underscored that Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries, is an important catalyst for the development process. In this context, they endorsed the results and recommendations of the Joint Meeting of Experts and Decision Makers on the Self-Propelling Growth (SPG) Strategy held in Jakarta, Indonesia, from 12 to 15 June 1995. They considered that it is essential to promote and strengthen TCDC programs to encourage systematic exchange of information and experience in developmental matters, and the financing and technical support of the donor countries and international organizations. 313. The Heads of State or Government endorsed the establishment of the Centre for South-South Technical Cooperation in Indonesia as one of the vital and effective means for promoting and accelerating development in the developing countries. They also acknowledged the Centre as complementary to the existing centres of the Non-Aligned Movement as well as being an integral part of the endeavours of the Movement to strengthen South-South cooperation. They reaffirmed that the host country of the Centre should retain the existing financial arrangements of TCDC as a model of operational funding of the Centre and urged the developing countries and developed countries, as well as the multilateral and international organizations to take advantage of the modality offered by the Centre. 314. The Heads of State or Government emphasized the importance of greater cooperation among the countries of the Movement in the fields of education and training, which are essential factors for economic and social development. They committed themselves to promote scholarship and student exchange programmes and increase the creation of centres of excellence in developing countries. 315. The Heads of State or Government called for the convening of a Conference of the Ministers of Culture of Member States during 1996 with the view to fostering cooperation among them. They stressed the need to further strengthen cooperation of the Non-Aligned and other developing countries in the field of culture, and in this regard welcomed the offer for hosting of the Fifth Film Festival of Non-Aligned and other developing countries by the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in Pyongyang to be held in September 1996, in accordance with action programme in the fields of education and culture. 316. The Heads of State or Government expressed their satisfaction at the results of the Fifth Conference of Ministers of Labour on Non-Aligned Countries and other developing countries held in early 1995 in New Delhi, in particular the decision to undertake cooperation programmes among developing countries in various socio-economic fields that have labour and employment implications. They endorsed the resolution of the Ministers to mobilize and bring together the capacities of the developing countries in the areas of cooperation identified in the Delhi Declaration and the Draft Program of Action. 317. The Heads of State or Government welcomed with interest the initiative presented within the framework of the International Conference on Population and Development held in Cairo, called "Partners in Population and Development : A South-South Initiative", and the progress achieved in this field. They considered it essential for all countries to join this initiative, and that the Non-Aligned Countries and other developing countries maintain an effective coordination in the implementation process of the agreements reached at the Conference. They promised to promote the exchange of information and experience concerning methods, techniques and modalities of implementation of population policies and programmes. 318. The Heads of State or Government committed themselves to seek a greater and more effective mobilization of the entrepreneurial sectors of Non-Aligned Countries, in order to take advantage of their financial, administrative and technological capabilities in the promotion of trade, investment and other forms of South-South cooperation. To that end, they will provide facilities and the support and incentives necessary to promote direct cooperation among the entrepreneurial circles of the aforesaid countries, through the holding of seminars, business round-tables, and the promotion of joint enterprises and other industrial cooperation activities. 319. The Heads of State or Government recommended harmonizing, consolidating, and integrating wherever possible the Caracas Program of Action of the Group of 77 and the Action programme for Economic Cooperation of the Non-Aligned Movement, in order to take full advantage of complementary activities, achieve greater efficiency and avoid duplication of efforts. They considered that the Joint Coordinating Committee between the Non-Aligned Movement and the Group of 77 has a vital role to play in this regard. 320. The Heads of State or Government observed with satisfaction the progress made in the adoption of the Terms of Reference and the operationalization of the Joint Coordinating Committee (JCC), and emphasized the need to reinforce it as a means of strengthening coordination and cooperation between the Non-Aligned Movement and the Group of 77 in order to promote the interests and positions of the developing countries in the different international negotiations and fora. They also noted with appreciation the progress achieved by the JCC in pursuing the interests of developing countries as reflected in the joint submission by both the Chairman of the Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement and the Chairman of the Group of 77, in their capacity as Co-Chairman of JCC, of the Message of the Chairman of the Non-Aligned Movement to the Chairman of the Group of 7 Summit in Halifax, as well as their joint efforts in strengthening the United Nations system undertaken during the 49th session of the United Nations General Assembly. They underlined that the meeting of the Committee shall be open-ended, as appropriate, to allow for broader participation by all Members of the Movement as well as by the Group of 77. They deemed it necessary that similar coordination between the Non-Aligned Movement and the Group of 77 be established with regard to United National activities outside New York in the field of development and international cooperation, in order to reinforce the solidarity and cooperation among developing countries. 321. The Heads of State or Government recommended the holding of a Ministerial Meeting of Non-Aligned Countries and other developing countries on South-South Cooperation. They also invited the integration and cooperation organizations and groupings of developing countries to meet in the near future in order to exchange experiences, explore new schemes of cooperation and formulate proposals with a view to the Ministerial Meeting. 322. The Heads of State or Government recognized the importance of the role and activities of the South Centre and stressed their commitment to fully support the Centre to enable it to effectively perform its tasks and mandates. In this regard they welcomed the entry into force of the Agreement to establish the Centre and invited all Non-Aligned Countries and other developing countries who have not done so to accede to the Agreement. They also welcomed the positive outcome of the First Session of the South Centre Council of representatives to strengthen further its relationship and cooperation with the Non-Aligned Movement. They invited the Non-Aligned Countries and other developing countries to consider contributing to its capital fund of the South Centre with a view of making the Centre self-sustaining. 323. The Heads of State or Government invited the South Centre to continue to assist in developing and formulating the positions and views of the developing countries across various global economic, development, political and strategic issues for the various meetings and conferences, particularly those under the aegis of the United Nations. Information and Communication 324. The Heads of State or Government welcomed the results of the 4th Conference of Ministers of Information and Communication of Non-Aligned Countries (COMINACIV) held in June, 1993, Pyongyang, and examined the current development in the situation of information and communication relations. In this regard, they agreed that inequalities and imbalances prevailing in this field are distorting the image of the developing countries and stressed the urgent need to establish the New World Information and Communication Order on the basis of the principles of independence, progress, democracy and mutual cooperation. 325. The Heads of State or Government recognized the important role of international organizations including UNESCO in the establishment of information and communication infrastructures in the Non-Aligned Countries and other developing countries. They stressed the need to cooperate with such international organizations and to coordinate effectively the positions of the developing countries with relevant international organizations. Critical Economic Situation in Africa 326. The Heads of State or Government addressed the critical economic situation in Africa. They noted the determined efforts of the African government and peoples to overcome the critical situation in Africa. They, however, expressed their deep concern at the persistent critical economic situation in Africa. The Heads of State or Government noted that despite numerous agreements and commitments on this issue, the results continue to be discouraging, which is an indication of the lack of sufficient will on the part of the international community to effectively deal with the economic constraints of the continent. They urged the international community, particularly the developed countries and the United Nations system, to adopt, strengthen and implement effective measures to support the efforts of the African countries in their economic reform processes. In this context, they reiterated their support for the appeal of the King of Morocco supported by other African heads of State or Government to launch a Marshall Plan for Africa aimed at the revitalization of economic growth and development in Africa. 327. The Heads of State or Government declared that the United Nations system should, in particular, provide effective means, including new and additional resources, aimed at the development of the social sector in African countries, in order to alleviate the adverse consequences of the implementation of structural adjustment programmes at heavy social costs. They welcomed the adoption of General Assembly resolution 49/42 and called for the timely implementation of the United Nations New Agenda for the Development of Africa in the 1990's, as well as the consolidation of efforts directed at the diversification of the African economies. 328. The Heads of State or Government expressed their concern, at the problems derived from man-made and natural disasters, including drought and desertification, which further aggravate the situation in Africa in spite of the efforts undertaken at the national, sub-regional and regional levels. 329. While emphasizing threat the economic and social development of the continent depends primarily on the efforts of the African countries themselves, they reaffirmed the importance of external assistance as an essential support supplement. In this respect, they endorsed the recommendations contained in the Cairo Declaration on the Economic and Social Development of Africa, adopted by the Council of Ministers of the Organization of African Unity in march 1995 and in other relevant international instruments related to development in Africa. 330. The Heads of State or Government also noted that despite debt rescheduling and forgiveness, African countries are still confronted with an increasing debt burden. Although the application of the Naples Terms represent an encouraging step towards a solution to the problem of bilateral debt within the Paris Club, the debt of low-income African countries still remains a serious impediment to their development prospects. The situation is further exacerbated by the negative flow of resources toward the multilateral financial institutions. The progressive increase in the share of multilateral debt in their total debt stock requires the establishment of adequate modalities to implement multilateral debt reduction. Consequently they urged the World Bank in cooperation with the IMF to establish mechanisms that would not only seek lasting and effective solutions to the problem of multilateral debt, but also provide additional concessional resources to the concerned countries. Least Developed Countries 331. The Heads of State or Government regretted that the commitments, undertaken by the international community to address the persistent crisis of the least developed countries, have not been fulfilled, causing serious harm to their development efforts. IN recent years the least developed countries have been further marginalized and have also increased in number. 332. The Heads of State or Government expressed serious concern about the uncertainties surrounding the replenishment of IDA resources. They, therefore, appealed to the international community, particularly the major contributors, to show greater commitment to development assistance, by helping secure the already committed under the tenth replenishment of IDA and contributing more substantially to the eleventh replenishment of IDA and to adequately finance the Special Assistance Program for Africa. 333. The Heads of State or Government called for the effective, full and prompt implementation of the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the 1990's, in order to facilitate the reactivation and acceleration of economic growth and sustainable development of those countries. In this regard, they welcomed the outcome of the High-level Intergovernmental Meeting on the Mid-Term Global Review of the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the 1990's, and called upon all concerned to take urgent measures to implement the recommendations of the Mid-Term Review Meeting. 334. The Heads of State or Government called upon the developed countries to fulfil the commitment of allocating at least 0.15% of their GNP as official development assistance to the least developed countries and to endeavour to reach the target of 0.20% by the year 2,000. They called upon the developed countries, multilateral financial institutions and other creditors for intensifying their efforts for an effective, durable, and comprehensive solution of the debt crisis of the LDCs. In this regard, they called upon the developed countries to cancel all types of debt of the Least Developed Countries. 335. The Heads of State or Government called upon the international community to take concrete steps so that the exports of the Least Developed Countries are given wider and more preferential access to the markets of the developed countries, and for support to be provided in the area of trade services, as well as in facilitating direct foreign investment flows. They expressed further support to the compensation of the least developed countries for the possible negative effect resulting from the Final Act of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations and for building capacities for maximizing opportunities arising from these agreements and in this regard, they called upon the international community for operationalizing the complementary provisions of the Marrakesh Agreement in favour of the least developed countries. Land-locked developing countries 336. The Heads of State or Government called on the international community to give special attention and support to the special development problems and needs of the land-locked developing countries, particularly through technical cooperation with and financial assistance by developed countries, and multilateral financial institutions to enable these countries to effectively participate in a rapidly globalizing world economy. They also noted that transit developing countries faced serious economic problems and that their efforts at developing a viable transit infrastructure also needed financial and technical support from the international community. Small Island Developing States 337. The Heads of State or Government emphasized the need for the speedy implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action for Sustainable Development of Small Island States. In this regard, they called on the United Nations Development Programme as the lead agency to intensify its efforts to organize the support of the United Nations system towards capacity building at the local, national and regional levels. 338. The Heads of State or Government also recognized that many island developing countries experience specific trade and financing-related constraints, which are compounded by the growing frequency of natural disasters, resulting in economic and social vulnerability. In this connection, they underscored the importance of international cooperation to support policies and measures of island developing countries to mitigate the adverse effects of these constraints on their economic and social development. CHAPTER IV : SOCIAL ISSUES Social Development 339. The Heads of State or Government welcomed the outcome of the World Summit for Social Development, held in Copenhagen, Denmark, in March 1995. They expressed their determination to adhere to the principles and fulfil the ten commitments contained in the Declaration adopted by the Summit. The Heads of State or Government underscored the urgent need to implement the Programme of Action which recommended actions to create, in a framework of sustained economic growth and sustainable development, a national and international environment favourable to social development, to eradicate poverty, to enhance productive employment with the goal of achieving full employment, to reduce unemployment and to foster social integration. 340. The Heads of State or Government emphasized that the achievement of the goals established in Copenhagen demand the consideration of proposals regarding the provision of new and additional resources to finance social development of developing countries. 341. The Heads of State or Government further expressed the imperative need to promote development of developing countries, and affirmed that social development in conjunction with sustained economic growth is essential for the realization of the aspirations and welfare of people and, therefore, it is a primary responsibility of Governments and all sectors of civil society that the goals of poverty eradication, food, health, education, employment, housing and social integration, to which they committed themselves in Copenhagen, are put into effect. they further affirmed that such action should be complemented by effective international cooperation. 342. The Heads of State or Government recalled the commitment by the World Social Summit that the eradication of poverty into the world requires decisive national action and international cooperation. The eradication of poverty is an ethical, social, political and economic imperative. It can only be achieved through a multi-dimensional and integrated approach that combines programmes targeted at the poor with policies and strategies that meet the basic needs of all, ensure access of all to productive resources, opportunities, public services and enhance social protection and reduce vulnerability. Sustained economic growth is crucial for raising living standards and for eliminating poverty. 343. The Heads of State or Government stressed the need to substantially increase public expenditure for social development within their countries and called on the international community, and in particular the developed countries and international organizations, to assist in providing both the required financial and technical resources to the developing countries to support their efforts. They stressed that such investment would underline solidarity and afford increased equity, greater productivity and welfare. They underlined that such an investment would, in essence, be an act of solidarity and equity, and result in greater productivity and increased social welfare. 344. The Heads of State or Government pledged to facilitate and encourage the provision of more modern services, with wider coverage and better quality, and to accord special attention to those who have limited access to those services. They encouraged the active participation of the community in management of the social sector. 345. The Heads of State or Government underlined the contribution of social development to economic progress, greater conditions of equity, economic productivity, social solidarity, political participation and tolerance and international cooperation. These should be translated into advances in competitiveness and improved social development indicators. Accordingly, they committed themselves to accord greater priority to the more vulnerable social strata and to the least advanced regions in their countries. 346. The generation of productive employment constitutes a vital factor of such a strategy which should combine the objectives of social and economic development. The strategy of economic growth should lead to the creation of more and better employment opportunities, while the social strategy should further emphasize the development of human resources in order to take full advantage of opportunities. 347. The Heads of State or Government reiterated that education should be one of the fundamental pivots of economic and social development. At the same time, culture and leisure are factors which enrich social relations and allow the reaffirmation of the identify of peoples. 348. The Heads of State or Government declared that development policies should incorporate social security systems which provide for widening the coverage of health services and improving its efficiency, including social security programs for the most vulnerable groups. 349. The Heads of State or Government declared that a safe and healthy habitat is indispensable for the improvement of the standard of living of each population. There should be adequate housing and public services, appropriate disaster prevention and response mechanisms, the rehabilitation of marginalized areas and recreational and other facilities. 350. The Heads of State or Government renewed their commitment to promoting social integration, striving to attains stability, safety and justice based on the promotion and defence of all human rights, as well as on tolerance, non-violence and non-discrimination, so that it is conducive to a greater understanding among peoples in more just and equitable societies in a spirit of solidarity. 351. The Heads of State or Government took note of the call by the President of Guyana H.E. Dr Cheddi Jagan, to seek to establish a new set of relations between States, which places emphasis on ensuring international peace, addressing basic human needs and international social justice. Human Rights 352. The Heads of State or Government reaffirmed their firm determination to promote and protect all human rights, including the right to development in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights instruments and with the commitments made in the Declaration and Programme of Action of the Conference on Human Rights. The Heads of State or Government reaffirmed the position of the Non-Aligned Movement on human rights as stipulated in the Final Document of the Jakarta Summit and the Eleventh Ministerial Conference in Cairo in 1994. 353. The Heads of State or Government reaffirmed that democracy, development and respect for all human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the right to development, are interdependent and mutually reinforcing. All human rights are universal, indivisible, interdependent and interrelated. The international community must treat human rights globally in a fair and equal manner, on the same footing and with the same emphasis. The Heads of State or Government reaffirmed that the promotion and protection of all human rights must be equally based on the principles of objectivity, impartiality and non-selectivity, taking into account the political, historical, social, religious and cultural characteristics of each country while respecting the principles of national sovereignty and non-interference in the internal affairs of others. They reiterated that it is a duty of States, regardless of their political, economic and cultural systems, to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms. 354. The Heads or State or Government underlined that in the fulfilment of the international human rights obligations the promotion and protection of those rights is primarily the responsibility of Governments, with the support and collaboration of the relevant bodies and support and collaboration of the relevant bodies and organs of the United Nations in the implementation of the relevant international instrument on human rights and the provisions of the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action. 355. The Heads of State or Government reaffirmed that the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms within the framework of international cooperation was a legitimate concern of the international community. They stressed that human rights should not be used as instruments of political pressure especially against the Non-Aligned Countries and other developing countries. They emphasized that any attempt to use human rights as a condition for extending trade and economic assistance should be rejected. 356. The Heads of State or Government reaffirmed that the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and the Commission on Human Rights are the responsible organs for the decision and policy-making and for the promotion and protection of all human rights. They also reaffirmed the need to rationalize the work of these organs with the view to avoid duplication and to promote consensus through a strengthened system of consultation. 357. The Heads of State or Government emphasized the balance between the fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual on the one hand, and the obligations to society and the State on the other. They reiterated the concern over a tendency to address aspects of human rights selectively for extraneous new political motives and to neglect economic, social and cultural rights which relate more directly to human basic needs. 358. The Heads of State or Government emphasized the coordination of human rights activities must be carried out by United Nations organs, bodies and specialized agencies, whose activities deal with human rights. 359. The Heads of State or Government upheld the Vienna spirit of international cooperation that should exclude exploitation of the question of human rights for political purposes, including selective targeting of individual countries for extraneous motivations. 360. The Heads of State or Government reaffirmed that all forms of racism and xenophobia constitute a serious violation of human rights that must be combated by all political and legal means. They expressed serious concern over the emergence of stringent immigration policies in various developed countries which severely restrict free movement of people and breed xenophobia. In this respect, they stressed that special attention should be accorded to migrant workers and their families and encouraged all countries to become party to the relevant international instruments. 361. The Heads of State or Government noted the responsibility of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights for the implementation of the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action and, in this regard, called upon the international community to support and cooperate with the work of the High Commissioner to materialize the objectives stated in those instruments. They welcomed the suggestion of the High Commissioner to establish a permanent dialogue with the Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Countries towards better informing the Movement on the High Commissioner and conveying the input or feedback of the Movement regarding the work of the High Commissioner. 362. While stressing the indivisible nature of human rights, the Heads of State or Government made special emphasis on the importance of the right to development for all peoples, as an integral part of the fundamental human rights. The adoption, for any cause or consideration, of coercive and unilateral measures, rules and policies against developing countries constitute a flagrant violation of the basic rights of their populations. 363. The Heads of State or Government noted with concern the limited progress made in the negotiations on the right to development. They called upon the organs and competent units of the United Nations through the coordination of activities and the elaboration of appropriate programmes. They emphasized also the efforts and initiatives undertaken by the High Commissioner for Human Rights to achieve the effective promotion of the right to development. 364. The Heads of State or Government reiterated the need for the Secretary General of the United Nations to continue coordinating the different activities dealing with the implementation of the right to development and that the United Nations Centre for Human Rights be provided with adequate resources. They stressed the need to urgently adopt concrete measures to modify the unequal post distribution in the Centre for Human Rights through the appointment of personnel from developing countries. 365. The Heads of State or Government unequivocally condemned international terrorism as a criminal act and noted that terrorism endangers the very territorial integrity and security of States, due to acts of terrorism which take place within States, specially those which violate human rights in particular the right to life of all citizens and that destroy the physical and economic infrastructure, and attempt to destabilize legitimately constituted governments. They expressed their resolve to take speedy and effective measures to eliminate international terrorism and urged all States to fulfil their obligations under international law, including prosecuting or, where appropriate, extraditing the perpetrators of such acts and preventing the organization and instigation of terrorism against other third States from within or outside their territories. The Heads of State or Government reaffirmed their support for General Assembly resolution 46/51 of 27 January 1992 which unequivocally condemned as criminal and unjustifiable all acts, methods and practices of terrorism wherever and by whomever committed and called upon all States to fulfil their obligations under international law to refrain from organizing, instigating, assisting or participating in terrorist acts in other States, or acquiescing in or encouraging activities within their territory directed towards the commissioning of such acts. 366. The Heads of State or Government further called on all States to endorse in principle the convening of an international Conference under the auspices of the United Nations to define terrorism, to differentiate it from the struggle for national liberation and to reach comprehensive and effective measures for concerted action. They also denounced the brutalization of peoples kept under foreign occupation as the gravest form of terrorism. The Heads of State or Government condemned the use of State power for the suppression and violence against innocent civilians struggling against foreign occupation to exercise their inalienable right to self-determination. They stressed the sanctity of this right and urged that in this era of enlarged freedom and democracy, people under foreign occupation should be allowed to freely determine their destiny. In this context, they also reaffirmed the principled position of the Movement that the struggle of peoples under colonial or alien domination and foreign occupation for self-determination did not constitute terrorism. 367. The Heads of State or Government welcomed with satisfaction the adoption of General Assembly resolution 49/185 entitled "Human Rights and Terrorism", and renewed their concern at the gross violation of human rights perpetrated by terrorist groups, and reiterated their condemnation of all acts, methods and practices of terrorism. 368. They objected to the presence and participation in United Nations international conferences and meetings dealing with human rights or related issues, of individuals and organizations that are not committed to the principles and purposes of the Charter of The United Nations through misuse of the privileges to Non-Governmental Organizations with consultative status with the Economic and Social Council. Population and development 369. The Heads of State or Government welcomed the successful outcome of the International Conference on Population and Development held in Cairo, Egypt in 1994, which was designed to integrate population issues in the development context. They noted that since the adoption of the General Assembly resolution on the Report of the International Conference on Population and Development, the first steps had already been taken to implement its provisions. They called for the speedy implementation of the Cairo Programme of Action, as adopted, and underscored the importance of the role of both the international community and the United Nations system in mobilizing the necessary resources for this purpose. They also welcomed the Ministerial Meeting of the Non-Aligned Countries on Population and Development held in Bali, Indonesia in October 1993. International Migration and Development 370. The Heads of State or Government expressed their deep concern for the problems faced by the migrant workers and their families, particularly women migrant workers, and committed themselves to give foremost attention to this matter and promote the convening of a Global Conference on Migration and Development to analyze the situation and to adopt pertinent actions to its treatment and solution. They also encouraged all countries, especially the Members of the Non-Aligned Movement, to become parties to the United Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. They called upon States which have not yet acceded to the Convention to do so. Human Settlements 371. The Heads of State or Government fully supported the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) to be held in Istanbul, Turkey, in 1996 and its preparatory process. They recognized the two themes of crucial importance for the implementation of the Global Plan of Action: "Sustainable Human Settlements in an Urbanized World" and "Adequate Shelter for All". Achieving adequate shelter for all is central to the socio-economic stability of human settlements and a basis for sustainable development. The Heads of State or Government supported the upgrading and incorporation in some form of the Global Strategy for Shelter for the Year 2,000 in the Programme of Action of the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) and called on the international community to provide much greater level of financial and other forms of support. They called upon Non-Aligned Countries to actively participate in this important Conference and to coordinate their positions during the Conference and its preparatory process in full collaboration with the Group of 77. 372. The Heads of State or Government expressed hope that Habitat II would come up with a concrete plan of action that will provide an enhanced mandate and effective capacity to assist Non-Aligned Countries and other developing countries to deal with the problems of human settlements and to realize shelter for all, taking into account that shelter is a basic human right. Refugees, repatriated, internally displaced persons and humanitarian problems 373. Deeply concerned about the considerable rise in the number of refugees in the world (from 17 million in 1992 to 27.4 million in August 1995), and the internally displaced (26 million), The Heads of State or Government called upon States and the international community to join forces to protect and assist people who are victims of this distressing situation, in particular women and children, especially the unaccompanied, who are in conditions of vulnerability and comprise the majority of refugees and internally displaced. 374. The Heads of State or Government emphasized the valuable and efficient humanitarian work that the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) carries out, even at the cost of painful and lamentable loss of life of staff members, and welcomed the relentless efforts by the UNHCR in the implementation of voluntary repatriation programmes which have been satisfactorily implemented in several African and Asian countries with the cooperation and contribution of host countries. In this regard, they called on the States and international organizations concerned to continue their utmost cooperation and to coordinate their efforts to ensure successful conclusion of the voluntary repatriation programmes. 375. The Heads of State or Government stressed the need for international assistance, including development assistance, in order to achieve durable and timely solutions to the problems of refugees and of displaced persons including internally displaced persons, and to mitigate the adverse effects on the socio-economic environment of the host countries. They called upon States to take the necessary measures to prevent situations that could give rise to new outflows of refugees and displaced persons. 376. The Heads of State or Government invited States that have not yet adhered to the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the statute of refugees to do so, and renewed their efforts to preserve the respect for the institution of asylum and the basic principle of non-refoulement. 377. The Heads of State or Government expressed their open support to the work of the Special Representative of the Secretary General of the United Nations for the Internally Displaced, and in this framework, favoured the initiatives directed to sponsor the elaboration of an international declaration on the group of principles and basic norms of protection and humane treatment for all the internally displaced in any situation or circumstances. 378. The Heads of State or Government stated that the major changes that the world has undergone over the past few years would lead to thinking about ways and means of a possible reduction of the number of victims of armed conflicts. Paradoxically, however, they noted that violence in all of its forms and armed clashes are on the increase. The availability of weapons and their low costs pose a grave problem. Furthermore, the constant development of new weapons, in particular those that cause blindness, as well as the production and the widespread use of landmines, of which civilians are the main victims, remain a source of major concern. 379. The Heads of State or Government reiterated that priority should be given to promoting knowledge of, respect for an observance of the rules of international humanitarian law, based on fundamental principles, and universal values that have not yet been sufficiently implemented. They affirmed their conviction that knowledge of, respect for and observance of the rules of international humanitarian law not only helps to relieve the suffering of all victims and provides them with effective protection, but also creates an atmosphere conducive to dialogue and restoration of peace. 380. The Heads of State or Government underlined the importance of promoting the respect for the universally recognized humanitarian principles and for the international humanitarian law, particularly those of the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their 1977 Additional Protocols. They invited those States which have not yet done so to ratify or accede to the two protocols additional to the Geneva Convention of 1949. 381. The Heads of State or Government recommended the Member States of the Movement to support the humanitarian organizations with a view to ensure that emergency aid for the victims of an armed conflict be provided in an effective and impartial manner. 382. The Heads of State or Government considered it essential to make the distinction among the different types of United Nations operational activities, in particular those related to humanitarian assistance and peace-keeping operations. In order to preserve the independence, neutrality and the impartiality of humanitarian action, such action must be kept distinct from, and independent of political or military action in accordance with the respective mandates while ensuring the observance of international humanitarian law. 383. The Heads of State or Government reiterated that humanitarian assistance is not an alternative to development assistance and to the durable solution of those problems that are at the origin of the need to grant emergency assistance. In this context, they stated that financial, material and human resources devoted to emergency assistance should not be taken from those geared at development assistance. 384. The Heads of State or Government urged the Member States of the Movement to actively participate in the XXVI International Conference of the Red Cross and the Red Crescent to be held in Geneva from 3 to 7 December, 1995. The Situation of Children 385. After reviewing the results of the World Summit for Children held in New York in 1990, the Heads of State or Government recognized the important advances that have been made in favour of children ever since. They made a fervent call for countries to undertake, as a matter of high priority, efforts leading to the fulfilment, within the established deadlines, of the Goals for Children and Development in the 1990's, agreed upon in the Plan of Action for implementing the World Declaration on the Survival, Protection and Development of Children in the 1990's. In this context, they particularly called upon all countries to complete and implement their respective national programmes of action, as well as to take all necessary measures to achieve the mid-decade goals by the end of 1995 and end-decade goals by the year 2000. 386. The Heads of State or Government commended the role played by UNICEF since its establishment in 1946 for the survival, protection and development of children worldwide particularly in the developing countries, and called upon the international community, particularly the donor countries, to provide increased resources to the organization to enable it to continue its work. 387. The Heads of State or Government expressed their satisfaction at the fact that as many as 180 States have ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child and called upon those few that have not yet done so, to adopt measures aimed at its universal ratification by the end of 1995, as reiterated by General Assembly resolution 49/211. They called upon countries to take urgent action for the full and effective implementation of the Convention at national and global levels, and commended UNICEF for its advocacy and support in this effort. 388. Deeply concerned about the difficult situation of many children who are innocent victims of armed conflicts in many parts of the world, the Heads of State or Government called upon States and the United Nations to adopt concrete measures to alleviate their painful situation, inn accordance with United Nations General Assembly resolution 49/209. They further expressed concern at the intolerable social and economic conditions, of those in especially difficult circumstances, such as natural disasters, exploitation, illiteracy, malnutrition, disease, hunger and disability and called upon all States to intensify efforts to protect them. 389. The Heads of State or Government reiterated the call made at the World Summit for Social Development for labour policies and programmes to be designed to help eradicate family poverty, which is the main cause of child labour, to eliminate child labour and to encourage parents to send their children to school, through, inter alia, the provision of social services and other incentives. 390. The Heads of State or Government strongly condemned those intolerable practices such as the abduction and sale of children and their organs, as well as the exploitation of children through pornography, sexual abuse, prostitution, child labour and other practices which have been on the rise as a result of the increasing demand in a number of countries. They called upon all States and the United Nations to adopt concrete measures for the eradication of these practices as called for in General Assembly resolution 49/210. They urged that special efforts be made, in measures taken against the trafficking in and use of illegal drugs, to end the exploitation of children in this trade and to protect them against drug use. 391. The Heads of State or Government also expressed deep concern over the recruitment, organization and employment of children in armed conflicts. They condemned this inhuman practice as a threat to the full and civilized development of children, and urged the States to raise their children to be future leaders of a peaceful world. They also condemned all forms of violence against children and urged all States to take the necessary steps to end this practice. Advancement of Women 392. The Heads of State or Government welcomed the Message of the Fourth Ministerial Conference of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Beijing on September 1, 1995, and reaffirmed the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action of the Fourth World Conference on Women. These, as adopted, constitute the expression of the real commitment of the countries of the Movement directed to adoption of effective measures to integrate the gender perspective, to removing the main obstacles to the achievement of equality between men and women, development and peace, and particularly eradicating poverty, and to providing sufficient and equal access to education and health, including information regarding preventive health care, and participation in decision-making process, with due respect for religious beliefs and cultural values. 393. Convinced that women can play a decisive role in the search for the attainment of peace, the Heads of State or Government stressed the need to continue to give recognition to the human rights of women and to stress the importance of equal access to all aspects of development activities, particularly education and training, health care, employment, access to credits, and preferential access to land holding and the use of new technologies. This contribution should also include provisions regarding efforts to develop a political, economic, social and cultural environment conducive to full integration of women in development, as well as to take necessary steps to increase cooperation among developing countries and with developed countries and international organizations, in strengthening the role of women in development which enable women to participate fully and equally with men in all development activities, including the decision making process. Convinced that women are entitled to play a decisive role in all fields of the natural life, the Heads of State or Government stressed the need to continue to promote the condition of women as well as their full enjoyment of all human rights. 394. Considering that the exploitation of and discrimination against women have also their origins in the condition of girls in society, the Heads of State or Government reaffirmed their resolve to take effective and expeditious measures for the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women and girls. In this context, they particularly committed themselves to give priority attention to the education of girls. 395. In view of the fact that the increase of extreme poverty, especially in the developing countries, in particular rural women and those victims of natural calamity that affects the role of women to a greater degree, who in many cases are heads of households, the Heads of State or Government declared that it is indispensable that national and international efforts for its eradication be oriented as a priority toward the improvement of the situation of women. 396. The Heads of State or Government noted that this alarming situation of women is caused, inter alia, by economic stagnation, negative economic growth, continued population growth, and increased external debt burdens, compounded by reductions in public expenditures for social programs, chiefly in the development of literacy and education. They also affirmed that a conducive international environment contributes and accelerates the achievement of equality between men and women. 397. The Heads of State or Government expressed their abhorrence on the increasing victimization of women, especially in situations of armed conflict, and the systematic use of rape as an instrument of war and ethnic cleansing. They called on countries to take necessary measures to put an end to such practices forthwith. 398. The Heads of State or Government took note with satisfaction that a growing number of States have become parties to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and that several Parties have removed their initial reservations, making this Convention one of the most universal international human rights instruments. They invited Member States of the Movement that have not yet ratified the Convention to do so in order to reach the goal of its complete universality by the year 2,000. Youth 399. On the occasion of the observance of the tenth anniversary of the International Youth Year in 1995, and concerned about the persistence, in some instances worsening, of the factors that affect youth in the current world, the Heads of State or Government called upon governments and the organizations and specialized agencies of the United Nations system to make greater efforts in the design, improvement and development of policies, plans and appropriate programs to reach the goals that inspired the World Programme of Action for Youth toward the year 2,000 and beyond. 400. In that connection, The Heads of State or Government welcomed the adoption of General Assembly Resolution 49/152, which decided to devote up to four plenary sessions at its fiftieth session to, inter alia, mark the tenth anniversary of the International Youth Year. Racism and racial discrimination 401. Aware of the important role that the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries has played in the struggle against racism and racial discrimination, the Heads of State or Government expressed their concern about the new trend of the evolution of racism into discriminatory practices based on culture, nationality, religion or language, and vigorously rejected the contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. 402. The Heads of State or Government welcomed the Revised Program of Action for the Third Decade to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination and called upon all countries to adopt measures at the national level that would help achieve the goals of the Programme of Action. They also underlined the need to convene, as soon as possible, a world conference against racism, racial and ethnic discrimination, xenophobia and other related contemporary forms of intolerance. International Drug Control 403. The Heads of State or Government expressed their deep concern for the serious threat that the rising trend in drug abuse poses for society and the lives and future of children and youth, and for the destabilizing effects that illegal use, production, trafficking and distribution of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances and drug-related offences have for the affected countries. They renewed their most determined commitment in the fight against the illicit production, trafficking, distribution and consumption of drugs in all stages and modalities, as well as against money laundering, arms, ammunition and explosive trafficking, and the deflection of precursory and essential chemical substances. 404. The Heads of State or Government rejected the unbalanced, inequitable and selective form in which several developed countries seek to assign a major responsibility to a specific group of countries, in particular those in which the phase of the illegal production of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances takes place, as well those countries which are used as transit countries for illicit drug trafficking. The phenomenon of illegal drugs and the participating criminal organizations, constitute a common threat to the countries and therefore requires the decided commitment of all members of the international community for its solution. 405. The Heads of State or Government reiterated that the illicit drug chain begins with the insufficiently controlled trade of the precursory and essential chemical substances for the production of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, and is completed with the laundering of money through the international financial and commercial channels. Therefore they considered that, on account of its global nature, the drug problem can only be dealt with effectively through international cooperation based on the principle of shared responsibility in which national measures are articulated with a global, integral, and balanced response to the illegal drugs problem. 406. The Heads of State or Government expressed their interest in that all countries participate in the development of common principles that would direct the programmes for the reduction of demand within an integral and balanced approach. They also emphasized the need to promote cooperation in the areas of drug rehabilitation, drug abuse prevention and enforcement measures. 407. The Heads of State or Government called for unity among the peoples and representatives of the States in all international fora, with the objective that drug-trafficking be considered and declared a crime against humanity. 408. The Heads of State or Government supported the initiative of the Government of Colombia to promote a convention against money laundering. They also commended the proposal to convene a world conference in 1998 against narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, in order to evaluate, inter-alia, the status of international cooperation in this subject and study the formulation of international mechanisms to face the challenge posed by transnational organized crime. 409. Since poverty and marginalization are factors that favour the problem of drug trafficking in the developing countries, particularly as they encourage illicit crop cultivation, the Heads of State or Government made a call for an increase in the international cooperation of a multilateral and bilateral character oriented towards socio-economic development programmes in affected areas. They also called for international cooperation to support programmes for alternative development and for environmental rehabilitation in areas where illicit crops have produced serious environmental damage. 410. The Heads of State or Government emphatically reaffirmed that the international fight against the illicit use of drugs and drug trafficking should be carried out in full accord and without violating the principles and norms of international law enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, particularly the respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of States and non-use of force or the threat of force in international relations. 411. The Heads of State or Government welcomed the proposal of the President of Panama, H.E. Ernesto Perez Balladares, to hose in his country the headquarters of a multilateral centre against illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances and drug-related offences. 412. The Heads of State or Government called on the States that have yet not ratified the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances concluded in Vienna on 20 December 1988, to do so at the earliest. They also urged giving effect to the Naples Political Declaration and Global Action against Organized Transnational Crime. 413. The Heads of State or Government resolved to strenghthen the international struggle against international criminal drug organizations which pose serious threats to the efforts to build and strengthen democracy. Therefore, they decided to strengthen international cooperation to eradicate the growing and dangerous links between terrorist groups, drug-traffickers and their paramilitary gangs and other armed criminal groups, which have resorted to all types of violence, thus undermining the democratic institutions of States and violating basic human rights. ANNEX RESERVATIONS TO THE FINAL DOCUMENT Some delegations manifested reservations verbally during the work in the Commissions to some paragraphs of the Final Document. These were: Peru to the paragraphs on Terrorism; the Lybian Arab Jamahiriya to the paragraphs on Palestine; the Syrian Arab Republic to some paragraphs on Palestine; Pakistan and Saudi Arabia to the paragraphs on Cyprus; Chile, Jamaica, Thailand, Tanzania, and Venezuela to the paragraph on Lybia; Chile to the paragraph on Puerto Rico; Irak on the paragraph on the Situation between Irak and Kuwait expressed that it was inacceptable and reiterated that in the Plenary. In addition, some delegations sent their reservations in written. The following are the texts (1): RESERVATION PRESENTED BY THE LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA I would like to inform you my country's deep concern over the results of the latest threats regarding Gaza and Jericho ignoring the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people either living in the occupied territories or outside of Palestine. My country will always support the Palestinian people and their legitimate struggle by all means until their fair and national rights are achieved on their Palestinian territories. Therefore, my country would like to express its official reservation on paragraphs: 132, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140 (NAC 11/Doc.1/Rev.3) on the final communiqué. (2) RESERVATION PRESENTED BY PAKISTAN ON PARAGRAPH 173 RELATING TO TURKEY-IRAK While fully subscribing to the principle of territorial integrity of states and emphasizing the imperative need of respecting the unity and territorial integrity of the Republic of Irak, Pakistan considers that the paragraph, as presently formulated, does not fully reflect the complexity of the situation. In the absence of views of all concerned parties referred to in paragraph 173, Pakistan feels that the Conference is not in the position to objectively assess the situation. Because of this reason Pakistan expresses its reservation on this paragraph. RESERVATION PRESENTED BY THE SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC ON PARAGRAPH 135 (NAC 11/Doc.1/Rev.3) The delegation of the Syrian Arab Republic expresses its reservation on the welcoming of the Taba Agreement in keeping with its stand position regarding the Oslo Agreement. RESERVATION PRESENTED BY THE SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC ON PARAGRAPH 140 (NAC 11/Doc.1/Rev.3) The delegation of the Syrian Arab Republic expresses its reservation on the welcoming of the Jordan-Israeli Peace Treaty because this treaty constitutes a separate solution outside the framework and basis of the peace process initiated at Madrid which aims at achieving comprehensive and just peace based on the implementation of Security Council resolutions 242 and 338 and the "Land for Peace" formula. RESERVATION PRESENTED BY THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN The Islamic Republic of Iran would like to put on record its reservation regarding any part of the final document of the 11th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement which may be construed as any recognition of Israel. RESERVATION PRESENTED BY CHILE As indicated by the Chairman of the Committee, the Delegation of Chile wishes to enter reservations to both the wording and the content of paragraph 163 (NAC 11/Doc.1/Rev.3), on Libya. The Delegation of Chile also enters reservations concerning the paragraph proposed by Libya. RESERVATION PRESENTED BY MALAYSIA I wish to refer to the Eleventh Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries held at Cartagena de Indias Colombia from 18-20 October 1995 and to paragraph 163 of the Declaration as contained in Document NAC 11/Doc.1/Rev.3 relating to the sanctions resolutions involving Libya, and to convey the reservation of the Government of Malaysia to this paragraph. RESERVATION PRESENTED BY THAILAND We sympathize with the sufferings the Libyan people are going through. However, one of the principles of our foreign policy is to abide by the Charter of the United Nations. We therefore find it difficult to accept the wording in line 22-24 of paragraph 163 (NAC 11/Doc.1/Rev.3). Hence we would have to make a reservation on this paragraph. RESERVATION PRESENTED BY INDONESIA The Permanent Representative of the Republic of Indonesia to the United Nations presents his compliments to the Permanent Representative of Colombia to the United Nations, in the latter's capacity as Chairman of the Non-Aligned Movement Coordinating Bureau, and with reference ot the Final Documents of the Eleventh Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries held recently in Cartagena, Colombia, from 18-20 October 1995 has the honour to convey that the Government of the Republic of Indonesia expresses its reservations on those paragraphs which are not consistent with its basic foreing policy. RESERVATIONS PRESENTED BY PERU (NAC 11/Doc.1/Rev.3) 1- Paragraph 41: Peru considers that the important role that the Non-Aligned Movement can play in the United Nations acting as a speaker for the developing countries refers to the members of the Movement and is based on their positions adopted by consensus. 2- Paragraphs 117 and 118: The principle of self-determination has constituted one of the basis of the independence of Peru. In this sense, Peru supports and respects the validity of this principle which is part of the International Law and its universal implementation in a consistent manner with the United Nations. Without a specific reference to any region and because of its universal character, Peru considers inacceptable any justification that expresses, suggests, induces or permits to consider legitimate any terrorist act, independently of it's aim. 3- Regarding to an eventual mechanism of settlement of disputes inside the Non-Aligned Movement - paragraphs 129, 130 and other formulations -, Peru considers that any initiative carried out by the President or by the members of the NAM in the future can not substitute the existing international law and in consequence can not be invoked in the cases where bilateral or multilateral treaties or "laudos arbitrales" still valid among member countries, or sentences of an international tribunal agreed by the parties already exist. 4- Peru wishes to express its reservation on paragraph 163, because as a member of the United Nations it accepts that is established in article 25 of the Organization's Chart. 5- Peru wishes to express its reservation on paragraph 184. RESERVATION PRESENTED BY PANAMA ON PARAGRAPH 143 The Republic of Panama makes a reservation on paragraph 143 of the Final Document of the Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries. Panama does not share the final wording of the text and reiterates that the spirit and philosophy that should guide the Movement of the Non-Aligned Countries are to enliven the cooperation and not the confrontation in the realm of international relations. RESERVATION PRESENTED BY PANAMA ON PARAGRAPH 163 The Republic of Panama makes a reservation on paragraph 163 of the Final Document of the Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries. RESERVATION PRESENTED BY COLOMBIA One of the guiding principles of the Colombian foreign policy is the respect for the compromises contained in the Chart of the United Nations. Hence, although we sympathize with the Lybian people for the suffering they are presently going through, we wish to express our reservation on paragraph 163 of the Final Document (NAC 11/Doc.1/Rev.3). (1) Texts received before November 20, 1995. (2) The number of paragraphs was changed according to the paragraphs numeration in the final version of the Final Document (NAC 11/Doc.1/Rev.3). 3 DECLARATION ON UNCTAD Eleventh Conference of the Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries Cartagena de Indias, 18-20 October, 1995 DECLARATION OF THE HEADS OF STATE OR GOVERNMENT OF THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT ON THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT (UNCTAD) AT THE ELEVENTH SUMMIT MEETING HELD IN CARTAGENA DE INDIAS, COLOMBIA, 18-20 OCTOBER, 1995 We the Heads of State or Government of the Movement of the Non-Aligned Countries gathered at the Eleventh Summit Meeting of our Movement in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, are mindful that the United Nations has to play a crucial role in achieving widespread and equitable development by promoting an appropriate international environment for development and coordinating the broad contours and directions of international economic relations. We stress that the issue of development remains the predominant concern of the international community specially in view of the challenges and opportunities offered by globalization and liberalization, and the need to eradicate poverty, reduce disparities and redress imbalances in the world economy. We are also desirous of brining development back to the centre stage of international deliberations, promoting a constructive dialogue for development, and ensuring concerted international efforts to address the principal problems facing developing countries through a renewed sense of common purpose. We, therefore, reaffirm the central role of UNCTAD as the primary economic organization under the United Nations and as a universal forum for intergovernmental deliberations and negotiations; policy and consensus building; monitoring, implementation and follow-up; and technical cooperation, with a view to accelerating economic growth and development, particularly that of developing countries. UNCTAD, in view of its expertise and mandate, plays a cardinal role in providing the development perspective to international trade deliberations and offers an appropriate forum for building consensus on new and emerging issues and preparing the groundwork for negotiations of further trade agreements in the appropriate fora. We, in this regard, welcome the appointment of the new Secretary General of UNCTAD with the conviction that this will lead to the further strengthening of UNCTAD. We reaffirm our support for the mandate of UNCTAD as the focal point within the United Nations for the integrated treatment of development and interrelated issues including trade, commodities, finance, investment, external debt, services, technology and environment. We also stress the critical importance of enabling UNCTAD to discharge its mandate fully, making it a more effective instrument for promoting development, particularly that of developing countries. UNCTAD, in the context of preparations for UNCTAD IX, is urged to give increased focus to priority issues for development and identify ways of maximizing the development impact of globalization and liberalization while minimizing the dangers of instability and marginalization. UNCTAD is also being requested to study trends and issues in the world economy, particularly those that have an impact on developing countries, and propose policies and measures, both international and national, that can address projected problems. We urge UNCTAD to strengthen its think-tank role for developing countries in the context of a changing world economic environment and to identify, examine and present alternative paths to development. We further urge UNCTAD to perform the following tasks in the developmental context: - undertaking conceptual work through objective analysis and forecasts; audit of ideas and concepts with a view to identifying their implications for developing countries and suggesting corrective measures; - reviving the strengthening its role in the field of trade and development and related issues such as investment rules, competition policy, financial flows, environment, promotion of services sectors in developing countries, science and technology, transfer of technology and regional cooperation and integration; - assessing the impact of the implementation of Uruguay Round agreements, identifying market access opportunities and suggesting measures to mitigate possible negative effects; - reinvigorating its role in the areas of Generalized System of Preferences and trade facilitation; and - supporting developing countries in formulating policies and strategies in specific areas including infrastructure development and development of small and medium enterprises. 4 DECLARATION ON UNIDO AND THE UNITED NATIONS REGIONAL ECONOMIC COMMISSIONS Eleventh Conference of the Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries Cartagena de Indias, 18-20 October, 1995 DECLARATION OF THE HEADS OF STATE OR GOVERNMENT OF THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT ON THE UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION (UNIDO) AND THE UNITED NATIONS REGIONAL ECONOMIC COMMISSIONS AT THE ELEVENTH SUMMIT MEETING HELD IN CARTAGENA DE INDIAS, COLOMBIA, 18-20 OCTOBER 1995 We, the Heads of State or Government of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries gathered at the Eleventh Summit Meeting of our Movement in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, express serious concern regarding the proposals and suggestions that UNIDO and the United Nations Regional Economic Commissions have served their purpose and should therefore be closed down. UNIDO plays a crucial role in economic and social transformation and industrialization and development especially of developing countries. We note that without industrialization, developing countries will not be able to eradicate poverty, provide adequately for the basic needs of their people, generate jobs with rising wage levels, and achieve economic advancement in an integrated and balanced fashion. The United Nations Regional Economic Commissions play a vital role in decentralizing the United Nations and in enabling developing countries to focus on their problems in a regional context and to link these to global processes. We, therefore, reaffirm our vital interest in the continued existence of a strong and dynamic UNIDO, as an essential institution of the United Nations system to provide a policy forum, support for institution building and other forms of technical cooperation and assistance in the field of industrialization. We further reaffirm our vital interest in the continued existence of the United Nations Regional Economic Commissions as critical institutional mechanisms that are responsive to the views and specific needs of the various regions of the Non-Aligned Countries and other developing countries and which provide an important means of ensuring the democratic and pluralist character of the United Nations. 5 STATEMENT BY H.E. PRESIDENT ERNESTO SAMPER PIZANO OF COLOMBIA AT THE INAUGURAL SESSION ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF COLOMBIA ERNESTO SAMPER PIZANO AT THE INAUGURAL SESSION OF THE ELEVENTH CONFERENCE OF HEADS OF STATE OR GOVERNMENT OF THE MOVEMENT OF NON-ALIGNED COUNTRIES Welcome to Cartagena, historical legacy of humanity. Welcome to the Caribbean, and to Colombia, the land in which dreams come true. Or, better said, the land which dreams are the harbingers of the future. We hope that after this meeting the dreams for which the Movement has constantly striven will indeed come true in the coming years: peace, justice, and balance in international relations. Welcome to our ever youthful, dynamic and enthusiastic Latin America, where we are able to breathe an air of optimism which invites us to aspire to perfection. Welcome to Colombia, a country whose unfailing quest for peace has made us known to the world as the champions of tolerance as the only true road to peaceful coexistence among our peoples. TRIBUTE TO INDONESIA I would like to pay tribute to the leadership and coordination which Indonesia has provided during the last few years as President of the Non-Aligned Movement. President Soeharto has undoubtedly been a decisive factor in the modernization of the Movement's ideas and approach to action. It is thanks to Indonesia's commitment that we today receive a Movement which is more active in world affairs, and which has overcome the difficult obstacles identified at the Jakarta Summit. THE PRINCIPLES OF NON-ALIGNED ARE IN FORCE For these next few days, the walls of old Cartagena will be the backdrop of the discussions that will lead us to reassert the principles and ideals of Non-Aligned. And, just as these walls were once the impenetrable defense of the city, so our principles and ideals remain our best defense against the injustice and violence of the world of today. I have often been asked during this last year, what is the point of continuing with the Movement if the end of the Cold War should also mean the end of Non-Aligned. My answer has always been that, yes, the cold War is over; but this fact has nor marked the end of poverty in the world. It has not removed the problems of the environment which we face, nor has it put an end to the concerns of our productive sectors. And my answer has also been that, on the contrary, the collapse of the barriers which used to separate two worlds has marked the beginning of a new division in the world. NEW BARRIERS It is a division marked by the appearance of fresh barriers to progress in our countries. There are non-tariff trade barriers which block our products from major markets. Technological barriers which isolate us from the march of science and knowledge. Financial barriers which limit our access to credit on equitable terms. Information barriers, which have left the information regarding what is happening to many in the hands of a few. The essential reason for the New Alignment, today as yesterday, is to overcome these barriers through solidarity. The challenge, today as yesterday, is to join forces in the quest for our ideal, freedom. Freedom from the technological dependence which is creating in the developing world a dangerous sort of technological apartheid. Freedom, in a word, from the worst of all tyrannies, the tyranny of backwardness. THE PEOPLE FIRST In Colombia, we are placing the economy at the service of the people. We identify with the words of President Soeharto, who, during the Jakarta Summit, said that "national development must be focused on the people, must be of the people, by the people and for the people". We firmly believe that the people must be the nucleus of our Movement. To be stronger, more legitimate and more democratic, the Non-Aligned Movement must draw closer to our people. The citizens of all our countries must be the protagonists of Non-Alignment at the end of this century and the beginning of the next millennium. Our objective, as a Movement, must be the welfare of human beings. Our political action must now be aimed at eradicating poverty, as in the past we ended apartheid and weakened colonialism. Our countries have responded to the globalization of the world economy with liberalizing measures, which, to a greater or lesser degree, have brought us closer to the reality of the world market. However, we have found that neither the protectionism of thirty years ago nor the neoliberalism of the last ten have put more bread on our peoples' table or made our international relations more peaceful. In our fight against poverty, we must begin to combat at home what we so frequently denounce at the international level. AN ALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENT MODEL We need an alternative development model, geared to our needs and our possibilities. A new model for a New South. An alternative model that will allow us to become competitive without failing to invest in the people, property combining the two magic words of the next century; competitiveness and equity. An alternative model that will allow us to create a new citizen, ready to tackle the challenges of the twenty-first century. A new citizen, more involved in politics, more productive in the economy, more concerned with social issues, more committed to the protection of the environment and more universal in his/her pacifist beliefs. An alternative model based on a new concept of government, one that fights corruption and functions well, regardless of its size. THE MYTH OF FREE TRADE We know that economic development and the fight against poverty also require that the practice of free trade be made a reality. Despite the advances made by a world free of barriers to international trade and the creation of a free trade organization, a dangerous neoprotectionist tendency is spreading over the world like a shadow. Something similar to what we feel about heaven is happening with free trade; we all know that we must go there, but no one wants to go just yet. Such is the lesson of decades of quasi-tariff, administrative, customs and health restrictions, which now stand in the way of free access for our products to the wealthiest countries most profitable markets. The fight against neo-protectionism must unite the countries of the South, for it is the true struggle for our people levelihood. THE NEED FOR SOLIDARITY Never before has it been so clear that we cannot face the challenges of the new international balance individually. Our integration into the world cannot be a solitary, suicidal venture. The consolidation of our democracies in necessarily bound up with our capacity and will to understand one another and cooperate. The challenges before us are even more complex than those that faced us during the Cold War. From a world seen as ideologically divided into black and white we have passed into one that is many-hued and demands of us the ability to imagine creative solutions. COOPERATION BEFORE CONFRONTATION Cooperation among the countries of the developing world is not an option but an imperative if we want to become actors on the world's stage, but above all if we want to endure as nations. Confrontation is a useless anachronism that must give away to the more realistic, pragmatic and effective instrument of international cooperation. The best weapon we can wield against the interventionism of the powerful is our own solidarity. That solidarity must be expressed in a search for new global scenarios for coordination to take the place of the old confined areas of the Cold War and prevent the segme on of the world into economic blocks. THE QUEST FOR PEACE Today, as forty years ago, the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries must take as its guiding principle the quest for world peace. We must concentrate all our energies on building, not war. On creation, not annihilation. On life, not death. We must always remember that the Movement arose when we decided that we did not want to be a part of a struggle that was not ours but of the superpowers. The basic rules laid down in Bandung in 1955 are more valid today than ever before. Our challenge now is to decide, on the basis of those permanent principles, a new interpretation of our commitment and embody it in a new agenda of work for the Movement; an agenda for modernization. AN AGENDA FOR MODERNIZATION To modernize does not mean to abandon the principles which inspired the Movement. To modernize means to pass from good intentions to concrete action. To modernize means to develop the capacity to bet on the future in time. To modernize means, as Chairman Mubarak pointed out in Cairo, to accept flexibility as part of the nature of the Movement. To modernize means to develop a Movement not merely reacts, but also proposes. A Movement that pulls like a locomotive instead of being dragged along like a railroad car by circumstances. A Movement that anticipates conflicts and has answers to the questions of tomorrow. What are our answers to the environmental crisis, to the danger of the spread of drugs in the world, to the outbreaks of arms, to the neoliberal excesses? That is where the key to the future of Non-Alignment is. THE ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS The environmental crisis concerns us all. The change in climate, the desertification, the plundering of natural resources and the destruction of biological diversity are doing us a lot of harm. When we leave a source of water dry, cut down a tree or kill an animal we are destroying possibilities of life for our children and for our grandchildren. The sustainable development, obtained multilaterally, and the protection of the biodiversity must become mandates for the Movement. THE DRUG PROBLEM The Non-Aligned nations also have a concern themselves with the transnational crime that, each day, becomes a worse threat for humanity. The drug trafficking is a multinational problem which requires a solution that is, likewise, multinational. As long as the high levels of consumption that there are in the United States of America, in Europe and in Asia are maintained, it is difficult to be successful with the programs to reduce the supply. While money laundering and the diversion of chemical precursors are tolerated, the success that is achieved with respect to the production of drugs will only be temporary and will merely be reflected in the prices, in the routes or in the places of production. Our commitment to end the drug trafficking is an ethical imperative. To prevent the youth of the world from getting poisoned. To drain the source of corruption that is impressive earnings generate. To shale off the influence of the mafias on our systems of justice. THE SUBJECT OF DISARMAMENT We could say something similar about disarmament. Forty years ago, the founders of the Movement of the Non-Aligned Countries launched a great political action against the arms race spurred, in its time, by the Cold War. The resources devoted to the production of weapons, in a world that would, supposedly, advance towards peace when the bipolar confrontation ended, are resources that are urgently needed in order to alleviate hunger and thirst, to vaccinate children, to protect water and forest and so that the South have access to Science and Technology. THE REFORM OF THE UNITED NATIONS Actually, many of the topics that preoccupy the countries of the South require that we rely on a multilateral instrument suitable for dealing with them. It is essential that the United Nations be reformed in order for it to be able to respond to the historical challenge that lies ahead. What the developing countries expect of this reform is that the UN represents today's world. A world in 1985 countries, with serious problems and great injustices. It is our intention to democratize the mechanisms and procedures of the United Nations. THE SOUTH'S RIGHT TO OBJECTIVE INFORMATION We must reflect on matters belonging very much to the present and which affect our populations negatively. For example, the right to information. The most serious conflicts and the most distressing problems are the ones that appear live on television screens throughout the world. On the other hand, the same does not occur with the situation of millions of human beings who, for a variety of reasons, do not appear in the global village's communications media. The world is being informed from a northern perspective and it is acting on that basis. PLURALITY FOR A NEW IDENTITY Our great wealth, in the Non-Aligned countries, is our diversity and pluralism. Our rich differences should not be an excuse for conflict, but rather a motive for consensus. They represent opportunities for cooperation and solidarity, and not reasons for not getting along. Our diversity is the best material for building a new identity for the developing world based on a culture of tolerance and cooperation. During the next three years, Colombia will work without stopping or resting to turn the ideals of the Movement into reality. To attain this, we will take advantage of the only weapons we can use: the ammunition of solidarity and the guns of cooperation. The times that we live in are not the best, but they are our times. In these times, we can choose the possibility of writing our own history or let others write it for us. Whether the coming years become the time of the people of the South will depend on our work. A people who have the right not to be aligned with poverty, not to be aligned with suffering, not to be aligned with pollution, not to be aligned with drugs, not to be aligned with oppression, and not to be aligned with dictatorships. In the name of those thousands of citizens of the world who, as our Nobel Prize winner Garcia Márquez pointed out, deserve an initial opportunity for life on Earth, I welcome you again to the land of magic and hope that Christopher Columbus discovered five hundred years ago. Thank you very much. 6 REPORT OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE X CONFERENCE OF THE MOVEMENT OF THE NON-ALIGNED COUNTRIES, H.E. PRESIDENT SOEHARTO OF INDONESIA ADDRESS BY PRESIDENT SOEHARTO OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA AS CHAIRMAN OF THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT AT THE INAUGURAL SESSION OF THE ELEVENTH CONFERENCE OF HEADS OF STATE OR GOVERNMENT OF THE NON-ALIGNED COUNTRIES CARTAGENA, COLOMBIA, 18 OCTOBER 1995 State Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia Your Majesties, Your Highnesses, Your Excellencies, Distinguished Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen, I should first of all like to extend to our host, Colombia, our heartfelt congratulations and deep appreciation for the generous hospitality accorded us since our arrival here in this beautiful city of Cartagena. We are confident that the warm reception by the friendly people of Colombia and the thoughtful arrangements for the comfort and convenience of all delegations will engender a conducive atmosphere for our deliberations. My Delegation and I stand ready to extend our fullest cooperation to ensure the success of this Conference. At this time, Indonesia concludes its three-year tenure as Chairman of the Non-Aligned Movement. It has truly been an honour for us to undertake this responsibility, and I thank you the Members for the confidence that you placed in us during these years of global transition and change. Now Colombia will assume that role and bring us forward on a steady and certain course. We turn over the chairmanship to our worthy successor. Your Majesties, Your Highnesses, Your Excellencies, Distinguished Delegates, The Tenth Summit Meeting of our Movement has indeed been a watershed. It established beyond doubt the continuing relevance of Non-Aligned in the post Cold-War era, as validated by subsequent events. Just as important, our Movement emerged from that Summit with a new orientation and a new approach in its relationships with the developed countries and with international institutions. The Jakarta Message and the Final Documents of the Tenth Summit were formulated with a realistic perspective, free emerged with a new emphasis on common understandings instead of disputes and divergent views. Consequently, the international community and international organizations became more receptive to our ideas and initiatives as they too welcome the new non confrontational and inclusive approach that we adopted in pursuing the basic principles and ideals upon which our Movement was founded. It is a remarkable achievement that our Movement, now comprising 113 countries of different political, economic, social and cultural backgrounds, has been able to maintain its unity and solidarity over four decades. This has been possible because our founding principles and ideals are truly universal, and reflect the values shared by all humankind. These include respect for the sovereign equality among states, national independence, territorial integrity an sovereignty, non-aggression, non-interference in domestic affairs and the fostering of relations of mutually beneficial cooperation among all nations, especially among the developing countries. By adhering to these principles, our Movement, in spite of the tremendous diversity of its membership, has not only been able to maintain its solidarity, it has managed to become one of the largest and most effective peace movements in history. For Indonesia, it is a source of pride that the principles of non-alignment and that of unity in diversity have become living national traditions. Your Majesties, Your Highnesses, Your Excellencies, Distinguished Delegates: the results of our deliberations at the Tenth Summit are now part of the history of our Movement and are therefore well known to you. As to our activities and initiatives since that Summit meeting, we have prepared for your reference a comprehensive report, which includes the latest developments in follow-up activities. This will complement the Progress Report that Indonesia has presented at the Meeting of our Foreign Ministers during the tenure of Indonesia's Chairmanship. It is therefore not my intention here to give a detailed account of all our undertakings but to focus on the highlights which, I believe, will serve to guide the Movement over the course of the next few years. Let me recall that the basic rationale for these activities can be traced back four decades to when the leaders of 29 countries of Asia and Africa, concerned with the paralysis that had gripped the United Nations as a result of the Cold War, and the grievous problems at the time, met in Bandung and articulated a new ethos, which became known as the Dasa Sila or Ten Principles of Bandung, was to serve as the guiding philosophy of our Movement and thus Indonesia had the honour to serving as the seed-bed of non-alignment. The Jakarta Summit took place against the backdrop of rapid globalization and deepening interdependence. By then it had become clear that the major problems of our time are global in nature and cannot be resolved through short-term relief measures or through piecemeal reforms alone. Indeed, we have pointed at our time and again at every appropriate opportunity since then, that the solution to these global problems would require a new global partnership for peace, security and prosperity that would involve all nations, those in the development North, as well as those in the developing South. Since they acquired political independence, the newly emerged developing countries have recognized the imperative for a more favourable global economic environment and the vital necessity for economic cooperation among developing countries. Unfortunately the world has changed little despite the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the bipolar structure of world politics. In the poorest of the developing countries, too many people still perish each day for want of food and primary health care. To the millions of men, women and children in the developing world who are poorly housed, if not homeless, who are blighted by illiteracy and ignorance, life offers little hope and is often brief. It therefore remains as one of the principal aims of our Movement to help liberate the developing world from the shackles of poverty, ignorance and backwardness, and thereby give true meaning to their self-determination. For this reason, the Leaders of our Movement placed economic concerns at the top of their agenda during the Fourth Summit in Algiers, and we restored these concerns to top priority at the Tenth Summit in Jakarta. Soon after the Jakarta Summit therefore, I consulted other Leaders of our Movement on a set of high-priority follow-up activities that would constitute an economic agenda for the Movement. Their general response was one of encouragement and support. Realizing that social and economic development can only be secured in an environment of peace and stability, our Movement has remained seized with political issues as well as the tensions and conflicts attendant to them. As a result of its endeavours during the past three years in the promotion of peace, security and stability, the Non-Alighed Movement has come to be recognized by the United Nations as well as by other international organizations, as a consistent force for dialogue and reconciliation, in an unrelenting quest for peaceful solutions to the conflict. Thus, our Movement has addressed such grievous problems as the violent upheavals in Rwanda and Burundi, which have exacted a horrible toll in human lives and has wrought vast economic devastation. We are greatly relieved that the prospects for a comprehensive settlement are now greater than ever, which should ultimately lead to rehabilitation and reconstruction. Likewise, in Somalia, we remain hopeful of a peaceful, negotiated settlement. In the Middle East our Movement has continued to extend its support to the just cause of the Palestinian people to realize their inalienable national rights. The Movement also closely monitored development in the occupied territories and the progress in the Middle East peace process. As regards to the nuclear issue on the Korean peninsula, as Chairman of the NAM, I have tried through quiet diplomacy to contribute to a mutually satisfactory solution to the problem. It is gratifying to note that the Democratic People's Republic of Korea has now succeeded in concluding key accords with the United States on this issue. In the meantime, we have been seized with the tragedy of Bosnia-Herzegovina and have endeavoured to do our utmost to assist in the pursuit of peace in the former Yugoslavia. Considering that the former Yugoslavia has been a co-founder of the Non-Aligned Movement, Indonesia as Chairman of the NAM deems it incumbent to offer its good offices in facilitating a peace process with would lead to a comprehensive, just and lasting settlement of the conflict. I believe that such a process will be successful, provided it is pursued on the basis of direct negotiations by the Leaders of the countries involved. These negotiations should be conducted on the basis of certain fundamental principles such as peaceful co-existence and non-interference in internal affairs. Any settlement should take into a account existing UN resolutions and existing proposals for settlement, and should entail mutual recognition by the states that were components of the former Yugoslavia, respect for internationally recognized boundaries and protection of minorities. Furthermore, the process should proceed in stages, from direct negotiations among the Leaders themselves to an appropriately structured international conference, to be held when agreement has been reached on the basic elements of a settlement. Your Majesties, Your Highnesses, Your Excellencies, Distinguished Delegates, When our Movement decided at the Jakarta Summit to restore the issue of economic development to the top of its agenda, we also deemed it necessary that the North-South dialogue be resuscitated and that this time it will be held on the bases of genuine interdependence, mutual interest and benefits, and equitably shared responsibility. We also stipulated that South-South cooperation be broadened and intensified. The Movement's unrelenting efforts to achieve these goals eventually led to the adoption by consensus in 1993 of UN General Assembly Resolution 48/65, "Renewal of the Dialogue on Strengthening International Economic Cooperation for Development through Partnership". In the following year, the UN General Assembly at its 49th session adopted, also by consensus, a similar resolution, No. 49/165. Their adoption heralded a new era in the relationship between developed and developing countries and proved the validity and effectiveness of the Movement's sincere efforts to engage the countries of the North in a dialogue that would lead to a global partnership for development. Among the most critical and persistent problems of the developing countries is the problem of external indebtness. For many low-income countries the debt crisis is far from over. It started in 1982 as a debt crisis of middle-income countries and as a crisis of commercial debt. The debt crisis continued in a different form. The present one is a debt crisis of low-income countries and a crisis of bilateral and multilateral debts. The Tenth Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement held in Jakarta in 1992, issued a Resolution on External Debt. As a follow-up, I have, as Chairman of the Movement, established an Ad Hoc Advisory Group of Experts on Debt. The Group submitted a report to the Chairman of the Non-Aligned Movement, entitled "The Continuing Debt Crisis of the Developing Countries". Subsequently, a "Ministerial Meeting of Non-Aligned Countries on Debt and Development: Sharing of Experience", as convened. The meeting was the first ever high-level meeting on external debt of developing countries from all regions. The meeting was attended by ministers and officials from 25 debt distressed least-developed countries. On the eve of the Summit Meeting of the G-7 in Tokyo in July 1993, in my capacity as Chairman of the Movement, I had a meeting with the Chairman of the G-7. During that meeting, I has presented a memorandum entitled: A Memorandum on Urgent Actions on Bilateral, Multilateral and Commercial Debts of Developing Countries". Since then, on each eve of the annual Summit of the G-7, I have, as Chairman of the Movement, communicated to them the views and concerns of the Movement on this problem. It is a relief that at this year's Summit Meeting of the G-7 in Halifax, Canada; the G-7 Leaders encourage the Bretton Woods Institutions -- the IMF and the World Bank -- to assist poor countries with heavy burdens of multilateral debt. Moreover, the World Bank, which up to now has been strongly opposing the settlement of multilateral debt, seems to be in a process of reversing its position. The Non-Aligned Movement has consistently put forward that for the least-development countries what is needed is not repetitive rescheduling for years. What is needed is a once-and-for-all debt settlement. It means a meaningful reduction of all categories of debt of the least-developed countries: bilateral debt, commercial debt and multilateral debt. Bilateral and commercial debts of a number of developed countries are already reduced. But to date there is no possibility to reduce multilateral debt. Even rescheduling is not possible. Therefore, the efforts of the Non-Aligned Movement are concentrated on multilateral debt reduction, in particular of the least-developed countries. These efforts have been strongly opposed by the multilateral financial institutions and by various industrial countries. At present, however, the World Bank and a number of the major industrial countries seem to reverse theirs with respect to multilateral debt reduction. The reversal of the World Bank's position and some major industrial countries shows clearly what can be achieved by developing countries through a concerted effort. However, there is a strong opposition to the settlement of multilateral debt. Therefore, the members of the Non-Aligned Movement and other developing countries should continue to be alert. We have to continue our concerted efforts to convince the multilateral financial institutions, the governments of the major industrial countries and also directly the people of the industrial countries in general. In this regard, our Movement should be watchful of the current tendency that long-standing important issues of the developing countries are pushed aside by new issues put forward by the advanced countries. These old issues include the issues on debt, capital flows, market access and commodity trade. The solution to these issues rests on the commitments of the advanced countries. These commitments require financial resources. Conversely, the new issues pushed by the developed on the developing countries do not entail any financial commitments on their part. These new issues include issues on governance, social issues, labor and the environment. These issues are also important, but they are domestic issues of the developing countries. Solutions to these domestic issues do not require the financial commitments of the industrial countries. However, the industrial countries keep pushing these new issues. In fact, they use these new issues as conditionalities for the flow of funds and for the debt settlement of the developing countries. Our Movement should be able to identify clearly the fundamental problems faced by our people. Our Movement should not be tossed around by the new issues that are being pushed by other parties. Another issue which I have, as Chairman of the Non-Aligned Movement, transmitted to the Summit Meeting of the G-7 in Halifax this year is the question of the reform of Bretton Woods Institutions, i.e. the IMF and the Work Bank. The preparation of the reform requires an overall review of the current system of international economic governance and the role of the Bretton Woods Institutions and the regional development banks therein. Such a review to prepare for the reform should have the participation of all parties concerned and carried out through a democratic process. It would be inappropriate if such a reform is carried out by the G-7 alone. Today, the developing countries play an essential role in the world economy. In the years to come their role will become even greater. This fact must be taken into consideration. The developing countries should be fully involved in the reform of the United Nations. Such a reform should also include the democratization of the Bretton Woods Institutions, including the reform of their voting rights. Another matter with I emphasized to the Leaders of the G-7 in Halifax is the need to create an effective multilateral surveillance system to contain the global economic upheavals. Such multilateral surveillance should be truly symmetrical. It means that all countries, both developed as well as developing, must fully accept such multilateral surveillance. The indebted developing countries are used to be subjected to multilateral surveillance exercised by the IMF and the Word Bank. On the contrary, these institutions are unable to exercise multilateral surveillance over the major industrial countries. Whereas in reality, the fiscal and monetary policies of the major industrial countries have brought about global economic upheavals, among others; volatile exchange rates, unstable interest rates and unpredictable capital flows. These upheavals are very detrimental to the economies of the developing countries. Consequently, it is imperative that the industrial countries fully accept the implementation of multilateral surveillance on their economic policies. Your Majesties, Your Highnesses, Your Excellencies, Distinguished Delegates, Activities implementing the decisions of the Tenth Summit on South-South cooperation are extensively discussed in my report. I should like to mention a few of them here to give a more concrete idea of their scope. In May 1993, the NAM convened a meeting of the Standing Ministerial Committee for Economic Cooperation (SMC) in Bali, Indonesia, which, among others, explored ways and means to intensify and give renewed momentum to South-South cooperation. A meeting of NAM Ministers of Health, held during the 48th session of the World Health Assembly in Geneva, agreed, inter alia, to urge the World Health Organization to be more proactive, efficient and decentralized and less bureaucratic. The NAM Ministerial Conference on Food and Agriculture, held from 7-11 October 1994 in Bali, adopted "The Bali Declaration on Food Security of the NAM and Other Developing Countries". The meeting of NAM Ministers of Manpower/Labour, held in New Delhi in January 1995, expressed deep concern at the realities of the global economy, including the disturbing attempts by the industrialized countries to link international trade with the enforcement of labour standards through the imposition of the social clauses. They vigorously reaffirmed NAM's position that such a linkage is totally unacceptable. Furthermore, at the Ministerial Meeting of the coordinating Bureau in Bandung, April 1995, our Foreign Ministers expressed their deep concern at new concepts and proposals by the advanced countries which sought to establish a link between trade and domestic standards relating to the environment labour laws, human rights, and other social issues, through the application of trade measures and bilateral pressures, which negate the comparative advantage of developing countries. They strongly urged all concerned to refrain from action which may have the effect of unraveling the carefully negotiated balance of rights, obligations and interests of all parties in the Final Act of the Uruguay Round on the liberalization and expansion of world trade. They called on all NAM Members to remain vigilant to threats posed against the multilateral trading system through the mechanism of discrimination, restrictions, unilateral actions and/or onerous conditionalities. With a view to generating community self-reliance and promoting people-centered development in the developing countries, Indonesia convened the Meeting of the Experts Group on promotion and Enhancement of the Strategy of Sustainable and Self-Propelling Growth in the Framework of International Cooperation in September 1993. An important activity of the Experts Group is to develop and formulate programmes that are action oriented, pragmatic and realistic in order to strengthen South-South cooperation. As a follow-up, the Joint Meeting of Experts and Decision-Makers on Self-Propelling Growth was convened in Jakarta in June 1995. Another key effort of our Movement in the framework of South-South cooperation is our human resources development programme in a number of Non-Aligned countries, including Indonesia, that carried out various technical assistance programmes. Apparently this cooperation has been considered beneficial, such as the scholarships offered by the Indonesian Government to Non-Aligned and other developing countries have elicited much positive response. We have, therefore, decided to continue offering such assistance on a bilateral basis after Indonesia's tenure as NAM Chairman. It is my firm belief that these undertakings for development cooperation which our Movement implemented during the 1992-1995 period should be sustained. For we can not hope to alter the North-South relationship unless the South-South relationship is developed rapidly. By broadening and intensifying South-South cooperation, we can solve many of our development problems and at the same time we secure a major component of our Movement's strategy for bringing about a new international order of peace, social justice and equitably shared responsibility. Likewise, we should make fuller use of Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries (TCDC) as a significant dimension of the national development process and also as an important catalyst for South-South cooperation. Although our resources are rather limited, we still can promote beneficial South-South partnership. In sustaining our current efforts at development cooperation, let us also continue to adhere to the philosophy that the best way to help people rise from their poverty is to make sure that they are not merely the beneficiaries, but also the authors of their own development. This philosophy is most appropriate to the efforts of developing countries to manage their populations in a way that would enable them to achieve economic growth and sustainable development. Therefore, we have an obligation to support the implementation of the Programme of Action of the Cairo International Conference on Population and development. We should endeavour to coordinate our contributions to the implementation of the results of that conference and faithfully adhere to our Movement's commitment to "Partnership for Population and Development, a South-South Initiative". In doing so, we should further intensify our exchanges of information and experience concerning methods, techniques and modalities for accelerated and effective implementation of appropriate population policies. In the spirit of contribution to an international order of greater social justice, the NAM Ministers gathered in Beijing on the eve of the Fourth World Conference on Women in early September 1995 and drew up a Message to that Conference. The Message expressed the commitment of our Governments to achieve the goals of equality among women and men as a matter of human rights and as a condition for economic and social progress, and justice. Hence, they considered it of the greatest urgency to address the problems of women in developing countries not only at the national but also at the international level. As our Movement strives to address with sustained vigor the various complicated global problems of our time, I believe it would be propitious if the Leaders of our Movement could already agree on the venue of the Twelfth Summit while we are here in Cartagena. Having agreed on the venue of the next Summit, we would then be able to form a mechanism which has proven very useful to our Movement in the past: a triumvirate composed of the current Chairman, the immediate past Chairman and the next Chairman of the Movement. This mechanism will not only strengthen the continuity of our Movement but, I believe, will also be especially useful when our Movement embarks on dialogues at the highest level with advanced countries and various international organizations. Your Majesties, Your Highnesses, Your Excellencies, Distinguished Delegates, In conclusion, I should like to acknowledge that in discharging its duties as Chairman of the Movement, Indonesia has greatly relied on the support and cooperation of its fellow members. We are truly grateful to you for your support and cooperation and in turn we pledge to work with Colombia, to make ourselves available, and to follow Colombia's lead as the new Chairman of our Movement. Whether ongoing and unfinished activities should be continued, in what form and for how long is a matter for the Movement as a whole to decide. Whatever will be the decisions, Indonesia stands fully prepared to continue to contribute all it can to the endeavours and initiatives of the Movement. I am confident that under the guidance of the new Chairmanship, we will, in the next three years, march ever closer to our ultimate goal: a new world order of social justice, prosperity and peace. May God Almighty bestow His divine blessings on our Movement and on all of us. Thank you. REPORT ON THE RAPPORTEUR-GENERAL REPORT OF THE RAPPORTEUR-GENERAL 1. The Eleventh Summit of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries was held in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, October 18-20, 1995. 2. It was preceded by a preparatory meeting at the Ambassadorial/Senior Official level, held October 14-15, and by a preparatory meeting at the Ministerial level, held October 16-17. 3. The following members of the Movement attended the Summit: Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brunei Darussalam, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatoria Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Irak, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenye, Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United Republic of Tanzania, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe. 4. The following countries, national liberation movements and international organizations attended the Summit as observers: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Brazil, China (People's Republic), Costa Rica, Croatia, El Salvador, Kyrgvzstan, Mexico, Uruguay. The following organizations and national liberation movements also attended as observers: Organization of the United Nations, Organization of African Unity, League of Arab States, Organization of the Islamic Conference, Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organization, New Independentist Movement of Puerto Rico. 5. The following countries and organizations attended the Summit as guests: Australia, Austria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Dominical Republic, Finland, Germany, Greece, Holy See, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine. The following organizations also attended as guests: International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), United Nations Special Committee for the Indian Ocean, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), United Nations Development Program (UNDP), World Food Programme (WFP), Secretariat of the Commonwealth, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), United Nations Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestine People, United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), United Nations Special Committee for Reviewing the Situation regarding Enforcement of the Declaration on Granting Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), International Institute for Non-Aligned Studies, South Center, SELA, G77. 6. The following countries and organizations attended as guests of the Government of Colombia: Japan, the Organization of American States, the International Labour Organization, Greenpeace, International Islamic Federation of Student Organizations, Lawyers Committee on Nuclear Non-Proliferation. 7. The following organizations also attended: The News Agency Pool of the Non-Aligned Countries. Opening of the Summit (item 1 on the program) 8. H.E. Soeharto, President of the Republic of Indonesia, declared the Eleventh Summit of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries open. 9. The Summit observed a moment of silence in memory of the leader of the Movement of the Non-Aligned Countries who had passed away since the Tenth Summit Conference, particularly President Premadasa of Sri Lanka, President Juvenal Habyarimana of Rwanda, President Cyprien Ntarnyamira of Burundi and President Kim II Sung of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. 10. H.E. Soeharto, President of the Republic of Indonesia, in his capacity as President of the Tenth Summit Conference, presented the report on the activities of the Movement during the 1992-1995 period, which the Conference resolved to adopt as an official document (NAC 11/Doc.7). 11. At the motion of President Soeharto, the Summit, by acclamation, elected the President of Colombia as President of the Eleventh Summit of Heads of State or Government of the Non-aligned Countries. H.E. Ernesto Samper Pizano, President of the Republic of Colombia, delivered the inaugural address, which the Summit resolved by acclamation to adopt as an official document (NAC 11/Doc.8). 12. H.E. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Secretary General of the United Nations, also addressed during the opening session of the Summit. 13. The inaugural address of President Ernesto Samper Pizano was followed by the statements of the representatives of the various regional groups, in the following order: On behalf of the African countries: H.E. El Hadj Omar Bongo, President of the Republic of Gabon. On behalf of the Asian countries: H.E. Abdul-Halim Khaddam, Vice-President of the Syrian Arab Republic. On behalf of the Latin American and Caribbean countries: H.E. Violeta Barrios de Chamorro, President of Nicaragua. On behalf of the European countries: H.E. Glafcos Clérides, President of Cyprus. Approval for the program (NAC 11/Doc.2)(item 2 of the program) 14. The Summit approved the following program: 1. Installation of the Summit 2. Adoption of the Agenda 3. Report of the Preparatory Meeting at the Ministerial Level 4. Election of the Board 5. Organization of works 6. Admission of new members and participation of observers and guests 7. Report of the President of the Tenth Summit of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries 8. Review of the international political and economic situation 9. Adoption of the final documents 10. Dates and sites of the meetings of the Non-Aligned Movement 11. Other business 12. Closing Session Report of the President of the Preparatory Meeting at the Ministerial Level (item 3 of the program)(NAC 11/Doc.3) 15. The President of the Preparatory Committee, H.E. Rodrigo Pardo García-Peña, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Colombia, presented the report to the Eleventh Summit of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries. The Summit took note of the report. Election of the Board (item 4 of the program) 16. By recommendation of the Preparatory Meeting at the Ministerial Level, the Summit decided that the Board would be composed as follows: Chairman: Colombia Vice-Chairmen: - Africa: Angola, Algeria, Burundi, Gabon, Ghana, Mali, Nigeria, United Republic of Tanzania and Sudan - Asia: Malaysia, Myanmar, Palestine, Papua New Guinea, Qatar, Syrian Arab Republic, Islamic Republic of Iran, and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea - Latin America and the Caribbean: Cuba, Guyana and Panama - For Europe: Cyprus and Malta Rapporteur General: Nicaragua Chairman of the Political Committee: Sri Lanka Chairman of the Economic Committee: Zambia 17. The Summit also decided that Indonesia, in its capacity as immediately preceding President, would sit on the board of the meeting as an ex-officio member. 18. The Summit noted that Ambassador Ramiro Osorio Fonseca, Director General of the Eleventh Summit of the Movement of the Non-Aligned Countries, had been appointed Secretary-General of the Summit. Organization of works (item 5 of the program)(NAC 11/Doc.4) 19. The Summit approved the recommendations presented by the Preparatory Meeting at the Ministerial Level which appear in the text of its report, NAC 11/Doc.3. 20. The Summit established a Political Committee to review Chapter I, Global Affairs, and Chapter II, Analysis of the International Situation; and an Economic Committee to review Chapter III, Economic Affairs, and Chapter IV, Social Affairs, of the Draft Final Document (NAC 11/Doc.1/Rev.1). Admission of new members and participation of observers and guests (item 6 of the program) 21. The Summit approved the following recommendations of the Ministerial Meeting: a) To admit Turkmenistan as a member of the Movement of the Non-Aligned Countries. b) To grant Ukraine the status of guest of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries. 22. On behalf of the Summit, H.E. Ernesto Samper Pizano, President of the Republic of Colombia, welcomed the country recently accepted as a member of the Movement, as well as the one accepted as a guest. Turkmenistan and Ukraine expressed their gratitude, as well as the Russian Federation, which was accepted as a guest of the Movement in the Ministerial Meeting of the Coordinating Bureau at Bandung in April 1995. Report of the President of the Tenth Summit of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries (NAC 11/Doc.5)(item 7 of the program) 23. The report was presented by H.E. President Soeharto during his inaugural address of the Summit. The Summit took note of the report. Review of the international political and economic situation (item 8 of the program) 24. The Summit devoted five plenary sessions to general discussion of the review of the international political and economic situation, which were presided over by H.E. President Samper. In his absence, the following heads of delegation presided over the sessions: Algeria, Cyprus, Ghana, Palestine, Malaysia, Malta, Nigeria. 25. During the general discussion, the floor was taken by the following member countries: Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Blangladesh, Belize, Bolivia, Botswana, Brunei Darussalam, Burundi, Cambodia, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Honduras, India, Iran, Irak, Jamaica, Jordan*, Kenya, Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Malawi, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritius, Mongolia, Morocco*, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Pakistan, Palestine, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Singapore, Syria, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Thailand, Tunisia, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe. 26. The Summit also heard statements from the following observers and guests: Armenia, Brazil, China, Kyrgyzstan, Mexico*, Russian Federation, and Ukraine. * These countries did not take the floor, but submitted their statements in writing. Approve of the final documents (item 10 of the program). 27. The Conference reviewed the following final documents: I) The Call from Colombia. NAC 11/DOC.6 II) Draft Final Document (NAC 11/DOC.1/REV.2): - Chapter I: Global Affairs - Chapter II: Analysis of the International Situation - Chapter III: Economic Affairs - Chapter IV: Social Affairs III) Declaration of the Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries on UNCTAD (NAC 11/DOC.5) IV) Declaration of the Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries on UNIDO and the United Nations Regional Economic Commission (NAC 11/DOC.9) V) Report of the Rapporteur General (NAC 11/Doc. 10). The following Delegations announced reservations regarding some paragraphs of the final document: Chile, Colombia, Guyana, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Irak, Jamaica, Malta, Panama, Pakistan, Peru, Saudi Arabia, Syria Arab Republic, United Republic of Tanzania, Thailand, and Venezuela. Dates and sites of the Twelfth Ministerial Conference and the Twelfth Summit of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries (item 9 of the program) 28. Concerning the date and site of the Twelfth Conference and the Twelfth Ministerial Conference, the President announced that further consultations will continue on these issues. The Conference took note of the announcement by the government of South Africa of its interest to be consider to host the Twelfth Conference of Heads of State or Government, if the Movement so decides. Other business (item 11 of the program) 29. With regard to the applications of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Costa Rica for membership in the Movement, and of Japan and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia for acceptance as guests, the Summit resolved to defer consideration thereof for subsequent discussion at the Bureau of Coordination in New York. Closing (item 12 of the program) 30. The closing session of the Summit was held October 20, 1995. Ambassador Ramiro Osorio, Secretary General of the Conference solemnly read the Call from Colombia. 31. The representatives of the various regional groups, in the following order: On behalf of the African countries, H.E. João Bernardo Vieira, President of Republic of Guinea-Bissau. On behalf of the Asian Countries: H.E. Mahatir Mohamad, Prime Minister of Malaysia. On behalf of the Latin American and Caribbean countries: H.E. Jorge Illueca, former President of Panama. On behalf of the European countries: H.E. Professor Guido di Marco, Vice-Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Malta. 32. H.E. President Ernesto Samper Pizano, President of the Republic of Colombia and Chairman of the Conference delivered the closing statement. 8 STATEMENT BY H.E. RODRIGO PARDO GARCIA-PEÑA MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF COLOMBIA IN THE PREPARATORY MEETING AT MINISTERIAL LEVEL SPEECH BY THE MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF COLOMBIA, RODRIGO PARDO GARCIA-PEÑA, AT THE MINISTERIAL MEETING, OF THE MOVEMENT OF NON-ALIGNED COUNTRIES Cartagena de Indias, October 16, 1995 Before anything else, I want to bid you all welcome to Colombia. The heroic city of Cartagena de Indias is honoured by the presence of such illustrious colleagues from the Non-Aligned World. First of all I must cite most especially the excellent work done by His Excellency President Soeharto and his entire government during the years when he was Chairman of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries. Under his leadership and wise direction Indonesia made sure that we would not drift away from the ideals of the founding fathers and that the Movement would be able to negotiate this difficult stage of present-day international relations. I also want to commend the work of Foreign Minister Ali Alatas, who did much to preserve the vitality and effectiveness of the Movement so that it may advance into the coming years as the best instrument of political action of the developing world. Distinguished Ministers: Welcome to Cartagena de Indias, to Colombia, to Latin America. We greet you with all the feeling with which we have always received visitors to these land, where reality blends with fantasy and dreams are made practical by the tenacity and commitment of their peoples. This city that is today the host of the Non-Aligned Movement symbolizes one of the most just struggles ever waged in all history. A few meters from this spot lie to remains of an apostle who was a hero and pioneer in that war on slavery: Saint Peter Claver, set first set foot on the coast of New Granada in 1610, and whose story is memorialized in the name of the temple and the most beautiful square in the city. Four decades ago, the Bandung Declaration adopted the struggle against Apartheid as one of the principal causes of what years later would become the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries. The gains made on that front, reinforced by advances in consolidation of the self-determination of peoples, and in the quest for peace and the struggle for a just and equitable international system, are the best stimulus to the continuation of our work. The world situation in which we are called upon to take up the challenge of the Chairmanship of the Movement is a particularly complex one. The Movement of Non-Aligned Countries is more essential and urgent than ever to protect the autonomy of our peoples, non-intervention and non-interference in the internal affairs of states, and for the concentration of all our energies on the solution of our problems from our own standpoints, as a response to our own situations, and in accordance with our own interests. Those who question the validity of the Non-Aligned Movement are wrong. Indeed, if there were no Movement today, we would have to set ourselves to the task of inventing it. Too numerous, in fact, are the sources of concern of our peoples that require our joint efforts: neo-interventionist practices, the deepening of poverty, the monopoly of advances in science and technology, the neo-protectionism of the industrialized countries, the resurgence of nationalism, the renewal of nuclear threats, devastation of the environment, the general spread of violence and conflicts, and the growing use of and traffic in illicit drugs all over the world, among several other matters. East-West relations have undergone fundamental changes, but there have been none of the same magnitude in the relations between the industrialized North and the impoverished South. At the recent World Summit on Social Development it became clear that the wide gaps between North and South persist and have become yet wider. In the present scheme of world relations the situation of the developing countries has not only not improved, but is actually growing worse. The world trade system remains unfair to our nations, poverty has not been reduced, social development is standing still, the South remains scientifically and technologically backward, the problem of the external debt still hangs over our economies and, in sum, the gap between the quality of life of people in the North and in the South has grown ever wider. These are all the real threats that stand in the way of the attainment of lasting world peace in these new times. The problems of peace are none other than those of development, justice and equity. The same boldness and resolve with which the founders of the Movement struggled and triumphed against classical colonialism, apartheid, the dangers of the nuclear arms race, and ideological and strategic alignment are needed now to build a world that is more just, stable, peaceful and equitable. Esteemed Colleagues: Despite the obstacles and difficulties, the present juncture in international relations offers a great opportunity for the Movement to play a more active role on the world stage. And we need a more dynamic Non-Aligned Movement because, as Chairman Mubarak said in Cairo last year, stagnation leads to atrophy and death, whereas action and development are laws of life, the positive means to survival and progress. The first requirement, he said, is that our ideals never be confined to empty watchwords or resounding rhetoric. Despite the undoubted successes scored by the Movement, today, in 1995, as we approach a new century and a new millennium, the founding fathers would not be satisfied. New challenges have emerged, several of them even more complex and difficult than many of those of the past. At Bandung in 1955 it was established that world peace was closely bound up with the freedom of the peoples of the developing world that were not yet independent. Today we must say that the idea of peace is determined by what we do for our development, for the protection of the environment, for respect for human rights, for cooperation, free trade, and nonintervention. The Afro-Asian Conference stressed the need for cooperation in disarmament. Today, cooperation between our countries and with the industrialized countries must be the principal means for the total denuclearization of international relations. I venture to remind you, my dear friends, that thanks to the Treaty of Tlatelolco, Latin America is the first region in the world to be entirely free of nuclear weapons, and we are eager to see that spirit spread to other regions that yearn, as we do, for peace and tranquillity. Building a new international system to replace the unilateral hegemonic practices of the past arms race is a goal towards which the Movement must work. It has become mandatory to rewrite the rules of the game that predominated in the international system over the last 40 years, and which have undoubtedly ceased to hold because the world political situation has changed. Another source of concern in the developing world is free trade. The paradox here is that, while significant advances have been made with the creation of the World Trade Organization and the proliferation of free trade agreements, neo-protectionistic arrangements have also emerged under the disguise of many arguments. Because of this, it is of first importance to work for applications of the rules of trade to North and South equally, and not, as is happening today, the opening of the economies of the developing world to the free market, in many cases jeopardizing the social well-being of their populations, while the industrialized countries refine and raise higher their obstacles to trade. Another serious and growing problem of mankind is transnational crime, and especially the use and production of and traffic in drugs. This is a dire threat to the health of our young, a fearsome source of corruption and a cause of wanton violence. The problem of narcotics is growing. And the community of nations will not arrive at a real solutions for it unless a global strategy based on the principle of corresponsibility is launched. Proposals of partial, unilateral or limited solutions are not just unfair to countries which, like Colombia, are incurring high cost to further that policy, but are inefficient as well: as has been demonstrated in my country, where the harshest blows have been struck against the production of and traffic in drugs, the absence of a comprehensive undertaking has resulted in progressive aggravation of the illicit drug problem worldwide. The community of nations has a great task, and great responsibility to cooperate in the war on transnational crime. The world faces the challenge of launching a global strategy to replace the mutual recriminations with practical action to combat money laundering, drug use and the diversion of chemical precursors. Mankind needs an integrated approach which will ensure that future generations can live their lives free of the threat of drugs. We must also work for what President Samper has called the alternative development model. The developing world must start to find an economic model which, without giving up of efficiency and competitiveness will meet the social needs of its peoples, mainly in health, education, housing, employment and all those other areas that were discussed at the Social Summit in Copenhagen. We need an alternative to replace the old protectionist model, which affects the competitiveness of our economies in the work economy, and the neo-liberal model, which prevents us from acting to assist our poor. We do not want to align ourselves with either extreme neither populism nor neo-liberlism. We seek a new choice, which will allow us to be competitive and at the same time secure social justice. Our main objective must be the welfare of the peoples of our developing world. President Mandela has rightly reminded us that the lesson of our time is that no regime can survive, whatever its ideological origins, if it acts without consulting ordinary people. The ordinary people of East and West, he says, share the same dreams: all aspire to decent housing, work, a way to make a living, meaningful education, peace, the chance to enjoy nature, the end of discrimination on grounds of race or gender, and the opportunity to develop their creative potential. We in Colombia, like many of you, are blessed with a great wealth of natural resources. We believe that the crisis of the environment is a global problem that can be solved only by global strategies to which all countries are committed, yet which take account of the particular circumstances of each. Colombia and the other countries rich in natural resources cannot take upon themselves the full cost of resolving this crisis, nor indeed can they tolerate the interference of others in the design and execution of their environmental policies. The Movement has another mission also: it should play a fundamental part in the reform of the United Nations System, which should become a more pluralist and democratic world organization, able to tackle the solutions to the most grievous problems of mankind with dynamism, justice and equity. In a world that is daily more unilateral in the quest for solutions to our universal problems, there is a clear need to look for multilateral areas for the coordination of policies and of strategies for addressing transnational situations. A modernized United Nations, in harmony with the new context of international relations following the end of the Cold War, would be an excellent instrument for the promotion of a more equitable world order in which both peace and development should be achievable. As President Samper said at the General Assembly of the United Nations last year, we believe that the new era after the Cold War offers us this most fortunate opportunity to revive the spirit of the Charter of San Francisco and to take up again the deferred task of building a new world system based on solidarity, respect for self-determination of our peoples, and real search for a better standard of living for all. It is a matter of concern for the developing world that the new facts of interdependence and globalization have been interpreted by other countries, and in certain, multilateral organizations, to imply that intervention in the internal affairs of other countries is the appropriate way to deal with problems whose effect is transnational. It is a mistake to think that the undeniable fact that our affairs are no longer exclusively national, but global and communal, automatically implies the necessity and legitimacy of intervention to solve problems that affect a large group of countries. We do not share that interpretation, if global problems are addressed unilaterally, by the imposition of solutions, or by the intervention of the strong countries in the weak, those problems cannot be solved indeed, they will grow worse, issues whose origins and effects are multinational will yield only to treatment based on cooperation between countries. The Non-Aligned Movement should speak out against any tendency to reconsider international law as the main mechanism to secure peaceful coexistence among all members of the world community. We cannot accept the imposition of force over international law. We have heard voices from some quarters insisting that our Non-Alignment is no longer possible now that the main features of the two-power East-West confrontation have collapsed. But I say to you that we must continue to work together if we wish to retain Non-Alignment. Non-Aligned with poverty and social injustice. Non-Aligned with an inequitable and unbalanced international system. Non-Aligned with neo-protectionism in trade, and with obstacles to our access to science and technology. Non-Aligned with interventionist practices that violate international law. Non-Aligned with the settlement of conflicts and disputes between and within countries by force of arms and violence. Non-Aligned with violations of human rights, including the right to development, and to discrimination against migrants. Non-Aligned with the non-democratic and non-pluralist institutions in the United Nations System. Non-Aligned with strategies on the environment and drug-trafficking that are based on unilateral action rather than international cooperation. Our Movement has been a leader in the developing countries quest for independence and in the struggle against apartheid in South Africa. It must now become the champion of cooperation among countries. The challenge today must be for all of us in the southern world to learn to speak the same language - the language of international cooperation. Thank you very much. 9 REPORT OF THE PREPARATORY MEETING AT THE MINISTERIAL LEVEL FOR THE ELEVENTH CONFERENCE OF HEADS OF STATE OR GOVERNMENT OF THE NON-ALIGNED COUNTRIES Conference of the Non-Aligned Countries October 16 - 17, 1995 Opening (Item 1 of the Agenda) 1. The Preparatory Meeting at the Ministerial Level of the Eleventh Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries met in Cartagena on October 16 and 17, 1995, with His Excellency Rodrigo Pardo García-Peña, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Colombia, as Chairman. 2. The Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia declared the meeting in session and proposed the election of H.E. Rodrigo Pardo García-Peña as Chairman. The proposal was adopted by acclamation. H.E. Rodrigo Pardo García-Peña took the chair and delivered the inaugural address. Adoption of the Agenda (Item 2 of the Agenda) The Ministerial Meeting adopted the following agenda: (1) Opening (2) Adoption of the Agenda (3) Report of the Chairman of the Preparatory Meeting at the Ambassadors/Senior Officials level (4) Recommendations regarding the preparations for the Eleventh Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries a) Draft Provisional Agenda b) Election of Officers c) Organization of work d) Applications for admission of new members and for participation as observers and guests e) Draft final document (5) Consideration and Adoption of the Report of the Preparatory Meeting at the Ministerial Level for the Eleventh Summit Conference. (6) Other matters Report of the Chairman of the Preparatory Meeting at the Level of Ambassadors and Senior Officials (Item 3 of the Agenda) Ambassador Julio Londoño presented his report as Chairman of the Preparatory Meeting at the level of Ambassadors and Senior Officials. (NAC 11/ASO/Doc.1/Rev.1) Recommendations on the preparation of the Eleventh Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries (Item 4 of the Agenda) a. Draft Provisional agenda (1) Opening of the Conference (2) Adoption of the Agenda (3) Report of the Preparatory Meeting at the Ministerial Level (4) Election of officers (5) Organization of the work (6) Applications for admission of new members and for participation of observers and guests (7) Report of the Chairman of the Tenth Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries (8) Review of the International Political and Economic Situation (9) Adoption of the final documents (10) Dates and places of the Meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement (11) Other matters (12) Closing session b. Election of officers The Meeting will recommend to the Eleventh Conference the following officers: - For Vice Chairmen: Africa: Angola, Sudan, Tanzania, Burundi, Gabon, Algeria, Ghana, Mali and Nigeria Asia: Iran, D.P.R. of Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar, Palestine, Papua-New Guinea, Syrian Arab Republic, and Qatar Latin America and the Caribbean: Cuba, Guyana, and Panama Europe: Cyprus and Malta - General Rapporteur: Nicaragua - Chairman of the Political Committee: Sri Lanka - Chairman of the Economic Committee: Zambia Indonesia, as the outgoing Chairman of the Bureau, will serve ex officio as an officer of the Conference. c. Organization of Work The meeting decided to make the following recommendations to the Heads of State or Government regarding the work of the Eleventh Summit Conference: i) The inaugural session of the Summit Conference will be held at 8:30 a.m. on October 18, 1995. ii) The representatives of the regional groups of the Non-Aligned Countries will reply to the inaugural address given by the President of Colombia, His Excellency Ernesto Samper Pizano, as the new Chairman of the Movement, and will propose that said address be adopted as an official document of the Conference. The Regional Coordinators have reported on the countries selected for these speeches: Africa: Gabon at the inaugural session and Guinea-Bissau at the closing session Asia: Syrian Arab Republic at the inaugural session and Malaysia at the closing session Latin America and the Caribbean: Nicaragua at the inaugural session and Cuba at the closing session Europe: Cyprus at the inaugural session and Malta at the closing session iii) At its first plenary session, the Conference will deal with organizational matters as well as the admission of new members and the participation of observers and guests. iv) The general debate on "Review of the International Political and Economic Situation", under Item 8 on the agenda of the Conference, will begin during the second session on October 18, 1995, with the understanding that evening sessions will be held, if necessary. v) The list of speakers for the general debate will be closed at 12:00 noon on October 19, 1995. vi) The Heads of State or Government, or special envoys will be requested respectfully to limit their speeches to 10 minutes; observers will be requested to limit theirs to 5 minutes. The complete text of all speeches will be distributed by the Secretariat. vii) Two committees, one political and one economic, will be formed and will work parallel to the plenary session. d. Applications for the admission of new members and for participation of observers and guests - The Preparatory Meeting at Ministerial Level decided to recommend to the Conference of Heads of State or Government the admission as members of the Movement and by the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Japan for admission as guests of the same, further consultations were considered necessary. e. Draft Final Document The Meeting recommended the draft final document be referred to the Political and Economic Committees. Consideration and adoption of the Report of the Preparatory Meeting at Ministerial Level for the Eleventh Summit Conference (Item 5 on the Agenda) The Meeting adopted this report and agreed to place it before the Eleventh Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries. Other Matters (Item 6 on the Agenda) The Meeting recommended that the Eleventh Summit Conference authorize Brazil, Mexico, Kyrgyzstan and China (observers) and Slovenia and Ukraine (guests) to address the Plenary Session of the Eleventh Conference. - The Meeting recommended that Turkmenistan and Ukraine briefly address the Conference to express their appreciation for having been admitted, respectively, as a member and guest of the Movement. - The Russian Federation, accepted as a guest of the Movement at the Ministerial Meeting in Bandung, asked to address the Eleventh Conference of Heads of State or Government briefly in order to express thanks for having been admitted. - The Egyptian Minister of Foreign Affairs, H.E. Mr Amre Moussa, requested that the record show that it was necessary, in his opinion, to differentiate between the meaning of consensus and that of unanimity when admitting new members, observers and guests to the Movement. In this regard, he asked the new Chairman to adopt the measures required to give consideration to this matter. Minister Rodrigo Pardo thanked the Minister of Foreign Affairs for their participation and important contributions to the debate. 10 REPORT OF THE PREPARATORY MEETING AT AMBASSADORIAL/ SENIOR OFFICIALS LEVEL FOR THE ELEVENTH CONFERENCE OF HEADS OF STATE OR GOVERNMENT OF THE NON-ALIGNED COUNTRIES REPORT OF THE PREPARATORY MEETING AT AMBASSADORIAL/SENIOR OFFICIAL LEVEL FOR THE ELEVENTH CONFERENCE OF HEADS OF STATE OR GOVERNMENT OF THE NON-ALIGNED COUNTRIES 1. The Preparatory Meeting at Ambassadorial/Senior Official for the Eleventh Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries was held in Cartagena de Indias on October 14-15, 1995. 2. As Chairman of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, Ambassador Nana Sutresna of Indonesia, welcomed delegates to the Conference and invited the Colombian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mr Rodrigo Pardo, to join the meeting. Mr Pardo cordially welcomed the ambassadors and senior officials taking part in the Preparatory Meeting. 3. Ambassador Sutresna handed over the Chairmanship of the Meeting to the Honorable Julio Londoño Paredes, Colombian Ambassador to the United Nations, who expressed appreciation and praise for the important work done by that country as Chairman of the Movement. 4. Adoption of the Agenda (Item 2 of the Agenda) 1. Opening 2. Adoption of the agenda 3. Report of the Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Countries 4. Considerations of the recommendations regarding the preparations for the Eleventh Conference of Heads of State or Government a) Organization of Work b) Election of officers c) Application for admission of new members and for participation as observers or guests 5. Consideration of the provisional agenda for the Preparatory Meeting at Ministerial Level 6. Consideration and adoption of the report of the Preparatory Meeting at Ambassadorial/Senior Official Level to the Preparatory Meeting at Ministerial Level 7. Other matters Report of the Coordinating Bureau (Item 3 - on the Agenda) Ambassador Nugroho Wisnumurti presented the "Report of the Coordinating Bureau" (NAC 11/ASO/Doc.3/Rev.1) Consideration of the recommendations regarding the preparations for the Eleventh Conference of Heads of State or Government (Item 4 on the Agenda) a. Organization of Work In the interest of expediting work on the Draft Final Document, it was suggested that two informal open working groups be informed, under the coordination of the host country, for an initial reading of revision of said draft final document. The first group was given the first two chapters and the second group took the last two chapters. b. Election of Officers The following officers were recommended: a) Vice Chairmen: - Africa: Angola, Sudan, Tanzania, Burundi, Gabon, Egypt, Ghana, Mali and Nigeria - Asia: Iran, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Malaysia Myanmar, Palestine, Papua New Guinea, Syria and Qatar - Latin America and the Caribbean: Cuba, Guyana and Panama - Europe: Cyprus and Malta b) Rapporteur General: Nicaragua c) Chairman of the Political Committee: Sri Lanka d) Chairman of the Economic Committee: Zambia The Conference recommended that Indonesia, as outgoing Chairman, be made an ex-officio member of the Bureau, as is customary in the Movement. c. Applications for admission of new members and for participation as observers and guests. As agreed at the meeting of the Coordinating Bureau held in New York on October 2, 1995, the Preparatory Meeting at Ambassadorial/Senior Official Level decided to recommend that the Preparatory Meeting at Ministerial Level for the Eleventh Conference of the Non-Aligned Countries: a) Accepting Turkmenistan as a Member of the Movement b) Accepting Ukraine as a guest of the Movement With regard to the admission of Bosnia-Herzegovina; and Costa Rica as Members of the Movement and FYR Macedonia as guest, the Chairman of the Preparatory Meeting at Ambassadorial/Senior Official Level, having consulted extensively with Member Countries, stated that further consultation would be necessary and, to this end, the matter is to be placed before the Preparatory Meeting at Ministerial Level for consideration. With regard to Japan's application for "guest status", support to the application was voiced by the majority of Member Countries of the Movement during the meeting, with the sole exception of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, which expressed its firm opposition. Further more, several other States, while not opposing the Japanese application, considered it would be desirable to hold further consultations on this matter. On this basis, it was recommended that these issues be submitted to the Meeting at Ministerial Level for consideration. Consideration of the provisional agenda of the Preparatory Meeting at Ministerial Level (Item 5 on the Agenda) The Preparatory Meeting at Ambassadorial/Senior Official Level recommended the following agenda to the Preparatory Meeting at Ministerial Level. 1. Opening 2. Adoption of the agenda 3. Report by the Chairman of the Preparatory Meeting at Ambassadorial/Senior Official Level 4. Recommendations regarding the preparations for the Eleventh Conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries a. Draft Provisional agenda b. Election of officers c. Organization of work d. Application for admission of new members and for participation of observers and guests e. Draft final document 5. Consideration and adoption of the Report of the Preparatory Meeting at Ministerial Level to the Eleventh Summit Conference 6. Other matters Consideration and adoption of the report of the Preparatory Meeting at Ambassadorial/Senior Official Level for the Preparatory Meeting at Ministerial Level (Item 6 on the Agenda) The Preparatory Meeting at Ambassadorial/Senior Official Level adopted the report of the Meeting to be presented to the Preparatory Meeting at Ministerial Level for consideration. Other matters (Item 7 on the Agenda) The Meeting agreed to recommend to the Ministerial Meeting the Approval of Brazil, Mexico and Kyrgyzstan's (observers of the Movement) and Slovenia's request (guest of the Movement) to address the Plenary of the XI Conference. 5. Ambassador Julio Lonoño thanked the delegates for their participation and important contributions to the meeting. 11 AGENDA FOR THE ELEVENTH CONFERENCE OF HEADS OF STATE OR GOVERNMENT OF THE NON-ALIGNED COUNTRIES AGENDA 1. Installation of the Summit 2. Adoption of the Agenda 3. Report of the Preparatory Meeting at the Ministerial Level 4. Election of the Board 5. Organization of work 6. Acceptance of new members and participation of observers and guests 7. Report of the President of the Tenth Summit of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries 8. Review of the international political and economic situation 9. Adoption of the final documents 10. Dates and sites of the meetings of the Non-Aligned Movements 11. Other matters 12. Closing Session 12 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS PARTICIPATING MEMBER COUNTRIES AND HEADS OF DELEGATIONS AFGHANISTAN ABDUL RAHIM GHAFOORZAI DEPUTY MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS ALGERIA M LIAMINE ZEROUAL PRESIDENT ANGOLA H.E. DR MARCOLINO JOSE CARLOS MOCO PRIME MINISTER BAHRAIN H.E. MR ABDULMABI ABDULLA AL SHO ALA MINISTER OF LABOUR BANGLADESH H.E. MR SAIFUR RAHMAN MINISTER OF FINANCE BARBADOS MR CARLSTON BOUCHER PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE TO THE UNITED NATIONS BELIZE DEAN O BARROW VICE-PRIME MINISTER BENIN RENE VALERY MONGBE PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE TO THE UNITED NATIONS BHUTAN H.E. LYONPO DAWA TSERING FOREIGN MINISTER, MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS BOLIVIA GONZALO SANCHEZ DE LOZADA PRESIDENT BOTSWANA HONOURABLE LT GEN MS MERAFHE MINISTER FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS BRUNEI DARUSALAM HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE MOHAMED BOLKIAH MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS BURKINA FASO H.E. MR OUEDRAO GO ABLASSE MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS BURUNDI H.E. MR NSANZE TERENCE AMBASSADOR CAMBODIA H.E. SAMDECH HUN SEN SECOND PRIME MINISTER CAMEROON H.E.M. FERDINAND-LEOPOLD OYONO MINISTER OF EXTERNAL RELATIONS CAPE VERDE H.E. MR ANTONIO MASCARENHAS MONTEIRO HEAD OF STATE CENTRAL AFRICAN MR PIERRE HENDRIX JI REPUBLIC SERVICE CHIEF OF THE UNITED NATIONS COLOMBIA ERNESTO SAMPER PIZANO PRESIDENT CONGO H.E. MR TSATY-BOUNGOU DESTINARSENE MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND COOPERATION CôTE D'IVOIRE H.E. MR AMARA ESSY MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS CUBA FIDEL CASTRO RUZ PRESIDENT CYPRUS H.E. MR GLAFCOS CLERIDES PRESIDENT CHAD S.E. MR AHMAT ABDERAMAN HAGGAR MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS CHILE MR PATRICIO RODRIGUEZ DIRECTOR MULTILATERAL AFFAIRS DEMOCRATIC H.E. MR PAK SONG CHOL PEOPLE'S VICE-PRESIDENT REPUBLIC OF KOREA DJIBOUTI MR MOHAMED HASSAN ABDILLAHI SECRETARY GENERAL, MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS ECUADOR GALO LEORO FRANCO MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS EGYPT H.E. MR AMRE MOUSSA MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS EQUATORIAL GUINEA H.E. TEODORO OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO PRESIDENT ERITREA H.E. MR PETROS SOLOMON MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS ETHIOPIA H.E. SEYOUM MESFIN MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS GABON H.E. EL HADJ OMAR BONGO PRESIDENT GAMBIA MOUSTAFER MARONG MINISTER OF JUSTICE GHANA H.E. FLT. LT.(RTD) JERRY JOHN RAWILINGS PRESIDENT GRENADA DR RAPHAEL FLETCHER MINISTER IN CHARGE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS GUATEMALA ALEJANDRO MALDONADO AGUIRRE MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS GUINEA H.E. KOZO ZOUMANIGUI MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS GUINEA-BISSAU H.E. MR JOAO BERNARDO VIEIRA HEAD OF STATE GUYANA H.E. DR CHEDDI JAGAN PRESIDENT HONDURAS JORGE ARTURO REINA VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE NATIONAL CONGRESS INDIA H.E. MR PV NARASIMHA RAO PRIME MINISTER INDONESIA H.E. MR SOEHARTO PRESIDENT IRAK H.E. MR MOHAMMED SAEED AL-SAHAF MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS ISLAMIC REPUBLIC H.E. ALI AKBAR OF IRAN VELAYATI MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS JAMAICA PERCIVAL J PATTERSON PRIME MINISTER JORDAN H.E. MR ABDULKAREEM KABARITI FOREIGN MINISTER OF JORDAN KENYA STEPHEN KALONZO MUSYOKA, MP,EGH MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION KUWAIT H.E. MR SHEIKH SABAH AL-AHMAD AL-JABER AL-SA VICE-PRIME MINISTER AND MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS LAO PEOPLE'S H.E. MR KHAMPHOUY KEOBOUALAPHA DEMOCRATIC VICE-PRIME MINISTER, PRESIDENT OF REPUBLIC THE COMMITTEE FOR PLANNING AND COOPERATION LEBANON H.E. MR BAHIJ BAHIJ TABBARA MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS LESOTHO P MOSISILI VICE-PRIME MINISTER LIBERIA H.E. MR ALHAJI GV KROMAH VICE-CHAIRMAN OF THE COUNCIL OF STATE LYBIAN ARAB H.E. MR OMAR MUSTAFA ALMONTASER JAMAHIRIYA SECRETARY OF THE GENERAL PEOPLE' COMMITTEE FOR FOREIGN LIAISON AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION MALAWI EDWARD CI BWANALI, M.P. MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS MALAYSIA DATO' SERI DR MAHATIR MOHAMAD PRIME MINISTER MALDIVES HIS EXCELLENCY MR FATHULLA JAMEEL MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS MALI H.E. MR KEITA IBRAHIM BOUBACAR PRIME MINISTER AND CHIEF OF GOVERNMENT MALTA H.E. PROF GUIDO DE MARCO VICE-PRESIDENT AND MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS MAURITANIA H.E. MOHAMED SALEM OULD LEKHAL MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND COOPERATION MAURITIUS SIR ANEROOD JUGNAUTHP,C., K PRIME MINISTER MONGOLIA H.E. MR TSERENPILIIN GOMBOSUREN MINISTER FOR EXTERNAL RELATIONS MORROCCO H.E. ABDELLATIF FILALI PRIME MINISTER AND MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND COOPERATION MOZAMBIQUE H.E. MR JOAQUIN ALBERTO CHISSANO HEAD OF STATE MAYNMAR H.E. U OHN GYAW MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS NAMIBIA H.E. MR SAM NUJOMA PRESIDENT NEPAL H.E. RT HON MR SHER BAHADUR DEUBA PRIME MINISTER NICARAGUA MRS VIOLETA BARRIOS DE CHAMORRO HEAD OF STATE NIGER H.E. MR MOHAMED BAZOUM MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND COOPERATION NIGERIA GRAL SANI ABACHA HEAD OF STATE OMAN MR YOUSEF BIN ALAWI BIN ABDULLAH MINISTER OF STATE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS PAKISTAN MRS BENAZIR BHUTTO PRIME MINISTER PALESTINE H.E. YASSER ARAFAT PRESIDENT PANAMA ERNESTO PEREZ BALLADARES PRESIDENT PAPUA NEW GUINEA HON BEN OKORO, MP DEPUTY SPEAKER OF NATIONAL PARLIAMENT PERU CESAR PAREDES CANTO VICE-PRESIDENT PHILIPPINES H.E. FIDEL V RAMOS PRESIDENT QATAR H.E. MR AHMAD BIN ABDULLAH AL-MAHMOUD MINISTER OF STATE OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS RWANDA GASANA ANASTASE MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS SAUDI ARABIA H.E. MOHAMED MAMOUN KURDI DEPUTY MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS SENEGAL H.E. MR MOUSTAPHA NIASSE MINISTER OF STATE, MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS SEYCHELLES MRS DANIELLE DE ST JORRE MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS, PLANNING AND ENVIRONMENT SIERRA LEONE H.E. ALHAJI DR ALUS SOUTH AFRICA THABO MBEKI VICE-PRESIDENT SRI LANKA HON LAKSHMAN KADIRGAMAR, PC, MP MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS SUDAN H.E. MR ALI OSMAN MOHAMED TAHA MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS SURINAME H.E. RUNALDO RONALD VENETIAAN PRESIDENT SWAZILAND ARV KHOZA MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS SYRIAN ARAB MR FAROUK AL-SHARA REPUBLIC MINISTER FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS THAILAND H.E. MR AMNUAY VIRAVAN DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER TOGO H.E. MR YANDJA YENTCHABRE MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND COOPERATION TRINIDAD AND MR LOUIS A WILTSHIRE TOBAGO DEPUTY MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS TUNISIA H.E. MR HABIB BEN YAHIA MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS TURKMENISTAN MR B SHIKHMURADOV DEPUTY PRIME-MINISTER, MINISTER FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS UGANDA RT HON KINTU MUSOKE PRIME MINISTER UNITED ARAB H.E. MR RASHID ABDULLAH AL- EMIRATES NUAIMI MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS UNITED REPUBLIC DN MWAKAWAGO OF TANZANIA PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE TO UN UZBEKISTAN AKMAL KASYMOV CHIEF OF THE PARLIAMENT VENEZUELA DR MIGUEL ANGEL BURELLI RIVAS MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS VIETNAM H.E. MR LE DUC ANH PRESIDENT YEMEN H.E. MR ABDOURABU MANSOUR HADI VICE-PRESIDENT ZAIRE GERARD KAMANDA WA KAMANDA VICE-PRIME MINISTER ZAMBIA FREDERICK JT CHILUBA PRESIDENT ZIMBABWE H.E. RG MUGABE PRESIDENT The following countries, national liberation movements and international organizations attended the Summit as observers: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Brazil, China (People's Republic), Costa Rica, Croatia, Dominica, El Salvador, Kyrgyzstan, Mexico, Uruguay. The following organizations and national liberation movements also attended as observers: United Nations, Organization of Africa Unity, League of Arab States, Organization of the Islamic Conference, Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organization, New Independentist Movement. The following countries and organizations attended the Summit as guests: Australia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Dominican Republic, Finland, Germany, Greece, Holy See, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine. The following organizations also attended as guests: South Center, International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), United Nations Special Committee for the Indian Ocean, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), United Nations Development Program (UNDP), World Food Programme (WFP), Secretariat of the Commonwealth, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), United Nations Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), United Nations Special Committee for Reviewing the Situation regarding Enforcement of the Declaration on Granting Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), International Institute for Non-Aligned Studies. The following countries and organizations attended as guests of the Government of Colombia: Japan, the Organization of American States, the International Labour Organization, Greenpeace, International Islamic Federation of Student Organizations, Lawyers Committee against Nuclear Proliferation.